<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">
	<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Differentiation:</strong> We have seen the application of differentiation in reducing the transient overreach of instantaneous overcurrent relay. Other applications can also be there.</span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">
	<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Integration.</strong></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>???????</strong></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">
	<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Extracting negative sequence and zero sequence currents from line currents:</strong> NPS (Negative Phase Sequence) current protection (i.e., unbalanced current protection) feature can be added in the overcurrent relay using this extraction technique. Once zero sequence current is available, it can be fed to a ground overcurrent relay and no special connections (residual connection of three line CTs, ground relay across neutral CT or use of core balance CT) are required for ground overcurrent relay.</span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px">???????</span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">
	<p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Harmonic Analysis or Filtering Harmonics:</strong> Certain relays are required to be sensitive to only fundamentals. Whereas, in certain cases 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup> or other harmonics are required to be fetched from distorted current waveshape.</span></p>
	</li>
</ul>