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INSERT INTO `tbl_course_question` VALUES (51,75,'<p>What is inverse kinematics?</p>','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-08 15:04:50','2022-02-24 17:54:18'),(52,75,'What is forward kinematics?','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-01-08 14:57:59','2021-01-08 14:57:59'),(53,75,'When an operator teaches a robot through a joy stick, which of the following is computed by robot controller?','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'1','3,6','1','0','1','2021-01-08 14:49:50','2021-01-08 14:49:50'),(54,75,'Access help for the figure. For a two revolute joint planar robot, link lengths are 1 meter each. Find joint angles when Cartesian coordinates are given by  instantaneous value of 45 degrees.','','multi','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/15917776691591777669.png','','1','3',NULL,'3','4,7','1','0','1','2021-01-08 14:50:06','2021-01-08 14:50:06'),(55,75,'Access help for the figure. For a two revolute joint planar robot, link lengths are 1 meter each. Find joint angles when Cartesian coordinates are given by  (2 m, 0 m).','','multi','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/15917780471591778047.png','','1','3',NULL,'4','4,7','1','0','1','2021-01-08 14:50:45','2021-01-08 14:50:45'),(56,75,'What is a singularity?','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'4','3','1','0','1','2021-01-08 15:04:27','2021-01-08 15:04:27'),(57,75,'Singularities occur when','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'1','3','1','0','1','2021-01-08 15:03:52','2021-01-08 15:03:52'),(58,75,'When does a singularity occur for the planar two link manipulator?','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'1','4,7','1','0','1','2021-01-08 13:54:56','2021-01-08 13:54:56'),(59,75,'A trapezoidal velocity profile for a cam results in infinite jerk.','','multi','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/15917810331591781033.jpg','','1','4',NULL,'2','3,8','1','0','1','2021-01-08 13:55:05','2021-01-08 13:55:05'),(60,75,'A trapezoidal acceleration profile for a cam results in','','multi','single','','','1','4',NULL,'3','3,7','1','0','1','2021-01-08 13:55:15','2021-01-08 13:55:15'),(61,75,'Access help for the figure. What is the maximum acceleration for the velocity profile shown in the figure?','','multi','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/15917812071591781207.jpg','','1','4',NULL,'3','3,7','1','0','1','2021-01-08 13:52:24','2021-01-08 13:52:24'),(62,75,'Access help for the figure. Which of the two profiles shown is smoother (a) or (b)?','','multi','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/15917812961591781296.jpg','','1','4',NULL,'4','3,4','1','0','1','2021-01-08 13:55:49','2021-01-08 13:55:49'),(63,75,'Access help for the figure. Two motion profiles are shown in the figure. The position curve represents motion of a mass. What is the main difference between (a) and (b) from the dynamics viewpoint?','','multi','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/15917813911591781391.jpg','','1','4',NULL,'1','3,4','1','0','1','2021-01-08 13:56:03','2021-01-08 13:56:03'),(64,75,'Analysis of singularity','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/15923833621592383362.pdf','','1','4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-08 14:11:51','2021-01-08 14:11:51'),(65,75,'Inverse kinematics of a robot.','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101145341610114534.pdf','','1','3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-08 14:02:14','2021-01-08 14:02:14'),(67,75,'Types of industrial robots','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/15923773451592377345.pdf','','1','1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-08 14:40:14','2021-01-08 14:40:14'),(68,75,'An automated guided vehicle is required to place boxes in a storage rack. Which kind of robot is suitable?','','single','single','','','1','1',NULL,'2','1,1,3,3','1','0','1','2021-01-08 14:52:26','2021-01-08 14:52:26'),(69,75,'Which of the following robots has a spherical work envelope?','','single','single','','','1','1',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-01-08 15:00:33','2021-01-08 15:00:33'),(70,75,'Which of the following robot cofiguration is preferred when both speed and high precision are required?','','single','single','','','1','1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-08 15:06:27','2021-01-08 15:06:27'),(71,75,'Industrial robot selection criteria.','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/15923859701592385970.pdf','','1','1.5',NULL,'1','2','1','1','1','2020-11-05 06:30:27','2020-06-17 09:43:51'),(72,75,'Increasing the length of the gripper can decrease the load carrying capacity of the robot.','','single','single','','','1','2',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-08 15:02:07','2021-01-08 15:02:07'),(73,75,'Which of the following applications will not allow a robot built from Mild Steel?','','single','single','','','1','2',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-01-08 15:02:31','2021-01-08 15:02:31'),(74,75,'Gripper can be designed after selecting the robot.','','single','single','','','1','2',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-08 15:01:37','2021-01-08 15:01:37'),(75,75,'Industrial robot selection criteria.','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/15923910921592391092.pdf','','1','2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-08 14:03:35','2021-01-08 14:03:35'),(81,75,'Ajit111','','single','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','2','1','1','1','2020-11-05 06:30:52','2020-10-30 04:05:06'),(83,75,'Question Media Updated','','multi','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16099426811609942681236263.jpg','4','1',NULL,'1','1','0','0','1','2021-01-08 14:42:38','2021-01-08 14:42:38'),(84,75,'Test question higher level','','multi','single','','','5','5.1',NULL,'2','3','1','1','1','2020-12-14 16:50:03','2020-12-14 16:50:03'),(85,75,'Higher level test 2','','multi','single','','','6','6.1',NULL,'1','2','1','1','1','2020-12-14 16:50:07','2020-12-14 16:50:07'),(86,75,'Higher level test 3 gyan','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16079643121607964312.jpg','','6','6.2',NULL,'1','4','1','1','1','2020-12-14 16:50:15','2020-12-14 16:50:15'),(87,76,'<p>1. Major components of power system are shown in attached figure (Figure 1.1)</p>','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096726851609672685187490.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096726861609672686871103.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096726861609672686754678.JPG','1','1','Major components of a power system','1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-03 11:18:06','2021-11-03 13:57:30'),(88,76,'<p>1.1 Generator</p>','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086427311608642731571660.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086427311608642731367420.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086427311608642731328763.JPG','1','1.1','Generator','1','2','1','0','1','2020-12-22 13:12:12','2021-11-03 13:52:54'),(89,76,'1.1.2 Ratings and Specifications of Generators','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436871608643687949556.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436871608643687870001.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436871608643687998307.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436871608643687333557.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436871608643687699720.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436871608643687544416.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436871608643687522172.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436871608643687747091.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436871608643687425752.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436871608643687563566.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436871608643687573773.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436871608643687558050.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436871608643687242395.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436871608643687431797.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436871608643687778809.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086436881608643688177369.JPG','1','1.1.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2020-12-22 13:28:08','2020-12-22 13:28:08'),(90,76,'1.1.1 Main Parts of the Generator','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086429531608642953221115.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086429531608642953338934.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086429531608642953896990.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086429531608642953969138.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086429541608642954533642.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086429541608642954950323.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086429541608642954953255.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086429541608642954621227.JPG','1','1.1.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2020-12-22 13:15:54','2020-12-22 13:15:54'),(91,76,'<p>1.2 Types of Transformers</p>','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086438101608643810.JPG','','1','1.2','Types of Transformers','1','2','1','0','1','2020-12-22 13:30:10','2021-11-03 13:58:07'),(92,76,'1.2.1 Power Transformer','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086444651608644465621716.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086444661608644466727637.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086444651608644465487670.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086444651608644465770269.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086444651608644465741805.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086444651608644465833599.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086444651608644465273668.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086444651608644465156617.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101256961610125696365310.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086444661608644466661514.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086444661608644466263103.JPG','1','1.2.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-08 17:08:16','2021-01-08 17:08:16'),(93,76,'1.2.2. Distribution Transformer','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086445691608644569401421.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16086445691608644569516500.JPG','1','1.2.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2020-12-22 13:42:49','2020-12-22 13:42:49'),(94,76,'Rotor of the generator is not laminated because...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.1',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:45:06','2020-12-22 17:45:06'),(95,76,'For protection against internal faults in the distribution transformer,','','multi','single','','','1','1.2.2',NULL,'4','1','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:46:21','2020-12-22 17:46:21'),(96,76,'Stator of a generator is cooled by distilled water because...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.1',NULL,'1','6','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:47:01','2020-12-22 17:47:01'),(97,76,'Hydrogen is used to cool the rotor and airgap of a generator as...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.1',NULL,'4','6','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:47:29','2020-12-22 17:47:29'),(98,76,'Direct axis sub-transient reactance of a 210 MW generator is of the order of...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'4','1','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:47:59','2020-12-22 17:47:59'),(99,76,'Synchronous reactance of a 210 MW generator is of the order of...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'2','4','1','0','1','2020-12-23 17:38:42','2020-12-23 17:38:42'),(100,76,'Stator of a large generator is cooled by using...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.1',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:48:54','2020-12-22 17:48:54'),(101,76,'The limiting factor for the generator to operate at low lagging power factors is...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'1','7','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:49:21','2020-12-22 17:49:21'),(102,76,'Generator cannot be operated at full load at low leading power factors because of...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:49:54','2020-12-22 17:49:54'),(103,76,'The gas used to purge the hydrogen in a generator is...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.1',NULL,'1','4','1','0','1','2020-12-23 17:39:10','2020-12-23 17:39:10'),(104,76,'Generator cannot supply leading MVAR because of...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'1','7','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:51:24','2020-12-22 17:51:24'),(105,76,'Generators are normally designed to withstand...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:52:05','2020-12-22 17:52:05'),(106,76,'Synchronous reactance of a generator is maximum at...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'4','1','1','0','1','2021-01-04 16:27:57','2021-01-04 16:27:57'),(107,76,'Higher the short circuit ratio of a generator,','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'1','7','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:53:28','2020-12-22 17:53:28'),(108,76,'Star point of a stator of a generator is grounded through NGT, in secondary of which an earthing reactor is connected because of...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:54:04','2020-12-22 17:54:04'),(109,76,'At generating station, voltage is stepped up using generator transformer as it...','','multi','single','','','1','1.2.1',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:54:31','2020-12-22 17:54:31'),(110,76,'Cold rolled grain-oriented silicon sheet steel is used in construction of core of a power transformer to reduce...','','multi','single','','','1','1.2.1',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:54:51','2020-12-22 17:54:51'),(111,76,'An explosion vent is fitted on the conservator tank of a power transformer to avoid...','','multi','single','','','1','1.2.1',NULL,'4','1','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:55:13','2020-12-22 17:55:13'),(112,76,'Synchronous reactance of a large generator is usually large because...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'4','7','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:56:04','2020-12-22 17:56:04'),(113,76,'2-pole turbo alternator does not rotate at the speed of 3000 rpm.','','multi','single','','','1','1.1',NULL,'2','3','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:19:23','2020-12-22 17:19:23'),(114,76,'Rated voltage of large generator installed in a power plant is not...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:22:39','2020-12-22 17:22:39'),(115,76,'Generator stator body is to be made gas-tight as...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.1',NULL,'1','6','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:24:09','2020-12-22 17:24:09'),(116,76,'The hysteresis losses will reduce because...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.1',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:25:03','2020-12-22 17:25:03'),(117,76,'Stator core of a generator is laminated to reduce copper losses.','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.1',NULL,'2','3','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:25:46','2020-12-22 17:25:46'),(118,76,'Stator three-phase winding is connected in double-star to reduce current flowing in any one winding.','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.1',NULL,'1','6','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:26:54','2020-12-22 17:26:54'),(119,76,'Rotor winding is...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.1',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:27:51','2020-12-22 17:27:51'),(120,76,'The power required to circulate the hydrogen gas in generator is about 14 times less than the power required to circulate an equivalent quantity of air, because...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.1',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:28:59','2020-12-22 17:28:59'),(121,76,'Hydrogen cooled generator produces 25 % more output than that produced with air cooling, because...','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.1',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:30:13','2020-12-22 17:30:13'),(122,76,'While specifying a generator, power factor need not be specified.','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:31:37','2020-12-22 17:31:37'),(123,76,'Lower the magnitude of synchronous reactance of generator, higher is the steady state stability limit.','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'1','6','1','0','1','2020-12-23 17:40:34','2020-12-23 17:40:33'),(124,76,'More the gap length between stator and rotor of a generator, more is the synchronous reactance.','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-04 18:09:58','2021-01-04 18:09:58'),(125,76,'Through fault withstand current of a generator depends upon','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'1','7','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:34:36','2020-12-22 17:34:36'),(126,76,'500 MW generators are less stable than 120 MW generators.','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:35:14','2020-12-22 17:35:14'),(127,76,'If rotor of a generator slips beyond allowable slip, it will endanger the power system stability and hence generator must be tripped and isolated from the bus.','','multi','single','','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'1','6','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:36:12','2020-12-22 17:36:12'),(128,76,'The voltage is stepped down at generating stations and stepped up at distribution point.','','multi','single','','','1','1.2.1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:37:42','2020-12-22 17:37:42'),(129,76,'Copper losses are significant when designing a power transformer and iron losses are significant while designing distribution transformer.','','multi','single','','','1','1.2.1',NULL,'1','6','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:38:19','2020-12-22 17:38:19'),(130,76,'250 kVA is not a standard capacity of power transformer.','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','1','1','1','1','2020-12-22 17:39:23','2020-12-22 17:39:23'),(131,76,'250 kVA is not a standard capacity of power transformer.','','multi','single','','','1','1.2.1',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:39:46','2020-12-22 17:39:46'),(132,76,'Capacity of power transformer is specified in MVA.','','multi','single','','','1','1.2.1',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:40:22','2020-12-22 17:40:22'),(133,76,'It is a recent practice to transmit power at extra and ultra high voltages as...','','multi','single','','','1','1.2.1',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:41:20','2020-12-22 17:41:20'),(134,76,'On the core of a transformer, low voltage winding is wound first and over that a high voltage winding is wound because...','','multi','single','','','1','1.2.1',NULL,'3','5','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:42:13','2020-12-22 17:42:13'),(135,76,'The dielectric strength of good insulating oil is 30 kV/cm.','','multi','single','','','1','1.2.1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:42:43','2020-12-22 17:42:43'),(136,76,'Dehydrating breather is used in the power transformer to filter the gases entering in the conservator tank.','','multi','single','','','1','1.2.1',NULL,'2','3','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:43:26','2020-12-22 17:43:26'),(137,76,'Buchholz relay is used for protection of a distribution transformer.','','multi','single','','','1','1.2.1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2020-12-22 17:44:08','2020-12-22 17:44:08'),(138,77,'Introduction to Semi-conductor Materials and Atomic Structure','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16087413351608741335.mp4','','1','1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:52:20','2021-01-05 11:52:20'),(139,77,'Covalent Bonding & Energy levels of Semi-conductor materials, p-type & n-type of materials','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16087424651608742465.mp4','','1','2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:56:55','2021-01-05 11:56:55'),(140,77,'Detailed understanding of p-type & n-type of materials alongwith majority and minority carriers','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16087425911608742591.mp4','','1','3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:57:50','2021-01-05 11:57:50'),(141,77,'Difference between Intrinsic & Extrinsinc Semi-conductors & properties of semi-condutctors, detailed explanation of p-n junctions, diodes','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16087427651608742765.mp4','','1','4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-05 12:00:51','2021-01-05 12:00:51'),(142,77,'The conductivity of semiconductor materials is...','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2020-12-23 17:01:32','2020-12-23 17:01:32'),(143,77,'The types of semiconductor materials are...','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2020-12-23 17:03:12','2020-12-23 17:03:12'),(144,77,'Germanium is less sensitive than Silicon.','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'2','3','1','0','1','2020-12-23 18:05:41','2020-12-23 18:05:41'),(145,77,'Which of the following is not true?','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'4','3','1','0','1','2021-01-01 09:48:34','2021-01-01 09:48:34'),(146,77,'Valence electrons orbit in the inner most shell.','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'2','3','1','0','1','2020-12-23 18:05:55','2020-12-23 18:05:55'),(147,77,'“Valency is defined by number of protons in nucleus”','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2020-12-23 17:08:06','2020-12-23 17:08:06'),(148,77,'Valence electrons orbit in the outer most shell','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','3','1','0','1','2020-12-23 17:09:02','2020-12-23 17:09:02'),(149,77,'Valence electrons need higher energy to be free compared to the electron orbiting in inner shells.','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'2','3','1','0','1','2020-12-23 17:09:52','2020-12-23 17:09:52'),(150,77,'Valency of Germanium and Silicon is...','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'2','4','1','0','1','2020-12-23 17:10:40','2020-12-23 17:10:40'),(151,77,'Electrons in orbits closer to the nucleus have...','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'2','3','1','0','1','2020-12-23 17:12:01','2020-12-23 17:12:01'),(152,77,'Pentavalent atoms are those which have...','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2020-12-23 17:13:27','2020-12-23 17:13:27'),(153,77,'What is a covalent bond?','','multi','single','','','1','2',NULL,'4','3','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:28:24','2021-01-05 11:28:24'),(154,77,'For an insulating material,','','multi','single','','','1','2',NULL,'2','3','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:28:45','2021-01-05 11:28:45'),(155,77,'Energy possessed by the free electrons is called...','','multi','single','','','1','2',NULL,'2','2','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:29:02','2021-01-05 11:29:02'),(156,77,'Gap between conduction and valence band is lower in conducting material than insulators.','','multi','single','','','1','2',NULL,'1','3','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:29:24','2021-01-05 11:29:24'),(157,77,'Impurities are added to...','','multi','single','','','1','2',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:29:41','2021-01-05 11:29:41'),(158,77,'P-Type semiconductor material has...','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:30:04','2021-01-05 11:30:04'),(159,77,'N-Type semiconductor material has...','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:31:14','2021-01-05 11:31:14'),(160,77,'N-Type semiconductor material has...','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'4','1','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:31:25','2021-01-05 11:31:25'),(161,77,'Boron atom is a donor impurity.','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:31:48','2021-01-05 11:31:48'),(162,77,'Antimony atom is a acceptor impurity.','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 13:45:22','2021-01-03 13:45:22'),(163,77,'Boron is a...','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:33:28','2021-01-05 11:33:28'),(164,77,'Antimony is a...','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 13:49:25','2021-01-03 13:49:25'),(165,77,'The majority charge carriers in N-type semiconductors are...','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:34:13','2021-01-05 11:34:13'),(166,77,'The majority charge carriers in p-type semiconductors are...','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:34:29','2021-01-05 11:34:29'),(167,77,'Impurities help increase conductivity.','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:34:52','2021-01-05 11:34:52'),(168,77,'Semiconductor has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance...','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:35:09','2021-01-05 11:35:09'),(169,77,'When temperature increases...','','multi','single','','','1','3',NULL,'3','3','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:35:23','2021-01-05 11:35:23'),(170,77,'Depletion region is formed due to...','','multi','single','','','1','4',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:35:38','2021-01-05 11:35:38'),(171,77,'When p-n junction is in forward bias condition...','','multi','single','','','1','4',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:35:54','2021-01-05 11:35:54'),(172,77,'When p-n junction is in reverse bias condition','','multi','single','','','1','4',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:36:08','2021-01-05 11:36:08'),(173,77,'Which of the following statements is incorrect?','','multi','single','','','1','4',NULL,'4','1','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:36:25','2021-01-05 11:36:25'),(174,77,'The width of the depletion layer...','','multi','single','','','1','4',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-01-05 11:36:43','2021-01-05 11:36:43'),(175,76,'The secondary crusher crushes the coal pieces to a size of...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:28:53','2021-01-03 16:28:53'),(176,76,'Bunkers have a coal storage capacity of around...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'4','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:29:22','2021-01-03 16:29:22'),(177,76,'Boiler is light up initially by...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:29:44','2021-01-03 16:29:44'),(178,76,'Flue gases pass from boiler to base of the chimney by...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:30:46','2021-01-03 16:30:46'),(179,76,'Boiler furnace temperature is of the order of...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:31:11','2021-01-03 16:31:11'),(180,76,'Dry superheated steam coming out from secondary superheater has a temperature of the order of...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:31:33','2021-01-03 16:31:33'),(181,76,'Economiser is used to heat...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:31:58','2021-01-03 16:31:58'),(182,76,'The pressure of water at the outlet of BFP (Boiler Feed Pump) is about...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'4','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:37:07','2021-01-03 16:37:07'),(183,76,'E. S. P. (Electrostatic Precipitator) is used to clean...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:37:46','2021-01-03 16:37:46'),(184,76,'Feed water passes from BFP to boiler drum via...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:38:19','2021-01-03 16:38:19'),(185,76,'Reheater is used to increase...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:38:54','2021-01-03 16:38:54'),(186,76,'Cooling towers are used to cool...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:39:12','2021-01-03 16:39:12'),(187,76,'Tappings are taken from turbine stages for giving heat of steam to...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-04 16:26:07','2021-01-04 16:26:07'),(188,76,'Hot water from the condenser is sprayed in the cooling tower from the height of about...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:39:45','2021-01-03 16:39:45'),(189,76,'Auxiliary power consumed by all auxiliaries of thermal power plant is approximately...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.2',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:40:04','2021-01-03 16:40:04'),(190,76,'Generator breaker is between...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.2',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:40:34','2021-01-03 16:40:34'),(191,76,'Hydro power plant is...','','multi','single','','','1','2.2',NULL,'1','3','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:41:13','2021-01-03 16:41:13'),(192,76,'Hydro generator is a...','','multi','single','','','1','2.2',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:41:28','2021-01-03 16:41:28'),(193,76,'Overall efficiency of combined cycle power plant is of the order of...','','multi','single','','','1','2.4',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:42:10','2021-01-03 16:42:10'),(194,76,'Coal is conveyed from coal hopper via belt conveyer to...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:43:07','2021-01-03 16:43:07'),(195,76,'Pressurized air used for protection of coal mill bearing is sent to bearing area using...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:43:35','2021-01-03 16:43:35'),(196,76,'Primary air is sent to boiler furnace...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'3','3','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:44:00','2021-01-03 16:44:00'),(197,76,'Secondary air using F. D. fan is supplied to boiler for...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'3','3','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:44:30','2021-01-03 16:44:30'),(198,76,'High chimney structure is used in thermal power plant for...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'3','3','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:45:06','2021-01-03 16:45:06'),(199,76,'In a boiler drum only water is stored.','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:45:50','2021-01-03 16:45:50'),(200,76,'Water goes from ring header to primary superheater via...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'4','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:46:44','2021-01-03 16:46:44'),(201,76,'Dry steam from primary superheater is sent to...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:47:14','2021-01-03 16:47:14'),(202,76,'Steam bleeding from turbine stages...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'3','3','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:47:43','2021-01-03 16:47:43'),(203,76,'The suction pressure of BFP is increased...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'3','3','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:48:09','2021-01-03 16:48:09'),(204,76,'The drastic drop of thermal cycle efficiency is occurring in thermal power plant at the stage of...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'2','3','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:48:42','2021-01-03 16:48:42'),(205,76,'Coal mill crushes the coal to small pieces of 18 mm size.','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:49:12','2021-01-03 16:49:12'),(206,76,'Conveyor belts are run using 415 V induction motor.','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:49:32','2021-01-03 16:49:32'),(207,76,'Tie breaker between 6.6 kV station bus and 6.6 kV unit bus closes when unit trips.','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.2',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:49:59','2021-01-03 16:49:59'),(208,76,'Crusher motor is a unit auxiliary.','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.2',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:50:23','2021-01-03 16:50:23'),(209,76,'P. A. fan motor is not a station auxiliary.','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.2',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:50:39','2021-01-03 16:50:39'),(210,76,'More electricity will be produced in hydro power plant...','','multi','single','','','1','2.2',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:51:02','2021-01-03 16:51:02'),(211,76,'Function of the moderator in the nuclear power plant is...','','multi','single','','','1','2.3',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:51:56','2021-01-03 16:51:56'),(212,76,'Function of control rods in the nuclear power plant is...','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','1','1','1','1','2021-01-04 16:23:31','2021-01-04 16:23:31'),(213,76,'Function of coolant in the nuclear power plant is...','','multi','single','','','1','2.3',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:53:39','2021-01-03 16:53:39'),(214,76,'If the resistance of a transmission line conductor is not low,','','multi','single','','','1','3.1.1',NULL,'1','6','1','0','1','2021-01-04 16:24:43','2021-01-04 16:24:43'),(215,76,'Steel is used as central core in ACSR conductors because...','','multi','single','','','1','3.1.1',NULL,'4','3','1','0','1','2021-01-03 17:01:17','2021-01-03 17:01:17'),(216,76,'Larger the diameter of a conductor, less the weight and more the breaking strength,','','multi','single','','','1','3.1.1',NULL,'4','6','1','0','1','2021-01-03 17:01:40','2021-01-03 17:01:40'),(217,76,'The advantage of the bundled conductor is...','','multi','single','','','1','3.1.1',NULL,'4','6','1','0','1','2021-01-03 17:02:02','2021-01-03 17:02:02'),(218,76,'Transmission of power at 400 kV rather than at 220 kV...','','multi','single','','','1','3.1.1',NULL,'4','6','1','0','1','2021-01-03 17:03:04','2021-01-03 17:03:04'),(219,76,'A disc of suspension type insulator can withstand voltage of the order of 11 kV. Hence, the number of discs in a suspension insulator for 132 kV line are...','','multi','single','','','1','3.1.7',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-24 10:41:18','2021-01-24 10:41:18'),(220,76,'If inductance of transmission line is large,','','multi','single','','','1','3.2.2',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2021-01-03 17:04:39','2021-01-03 17:04:39'),(221,76,'In a short transmission line,','','multi','single','','','1','3.2.1',NULL,'4','6','1','0','1','2021-01-03 17:06:46','2021-01-03 17:06:46'),(222,76,'If the transmission line conductor is having low breaking strength, the spans between the towers will be large.','','multi','single','','','1','3.1.1',NULL,'2','3','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:54:43','2021-01-03 16:54:43'),(223,76,'The number of towers and height of towers depend upon the tensile strength of the line conductor.','','multi','single','','','1','3.1.1',NULL,'1','3','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:55:06','2021-01-03 16:55:06'),(224,76,'For 132 kV transmission lines, All Aluminum 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16:58:01','2021-01-03 16:58:01'),(229,76,'<p>2 Power Generation</p>','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096669231609666923.JPG','','1','2','Power Generation','1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-03 09:42:03','2021-11-03 13:59:29'),(230,76,'<p>2.1 Thermal Power Plant</p>','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096670831609667083760699.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096670831609667083107203.JPG','1','2.1','Thermal Power Plant','1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-03 09:44:44','2021-11-03 14:00:28'),(231,76,'2.1.1 General Flow Diagram of Thermal Power 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16:20:47','2021-01-04 16:20:47'),(232,76,'2.1.2 Key One-line diagram of a power plant','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096678131609667813125250.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096678131609667813260498.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096678131609667813627070.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096678131609667813788461.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096678131609667813759308.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096678131609667813418589.JPG','1','2.1.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-03 09:56:53','2021-01-03 09:56:53'),(233,76,'<p>2.2 Hydro power 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conductors','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096758661609675866344652.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096758661609675866502918.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096758661609675866596465.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101263311610126331237866.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101263311610126331435212.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101263311610126331541013.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101263311610126331496497.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101263311610126331453760.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101263311610126331458434.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101263311610126331329917.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101263311610126331458964.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16116809461611680946131111.jpg','1','3.1.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-26 17:09:06','2021-01-26 17:09:06'),(240,76,'3.1.2 Overhead line insulators : Introduction','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16098544921609854492898238.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16098544921609854492933420.JPG','1','3.1.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-08 17:19:46','2021-01-08 17:19:46'),(241,76,'3.1.8 Transmission Towers','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16098546091609854609803093.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16098546091609854609811749.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16098546091609854609722253.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16098546091609854609229579.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16098546101609854610521464.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16098546101609854610748262.jpg','1','3.1.3',NULL,'1','2','1','1','1','2021-01-26 16:49:30','2021-01-26 16:49:30'),(242,76,'<p>3.2 Transmission Line Parameters</p>','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096773391609677339.JPG','','1','3.2','Transmission Line Parameters','1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-26 16:39:39','2021-11-03 14:25:05'),(243,76,'3.2.2 Inductance','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096775141609677514133017.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096775141609677514753707.JPG','1','3.2.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-03 17:05:55','2021-01-03 17:05:55'),(244,76,'3.2.3 Capacitance','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096776641609677664.JPG','','1','3.2.3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-03 12:41:04','2021-01-03 12:41:04'),(245,76,'3.3 Performance of Transmission Lines','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096778421609677842846547.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096778421609677842402444.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16096778421609677842113901.JPG','1','3.3',NULL,'1','2','1','1','1','2021-01-08 17:42:40','2021-01-08 17:42:40'),(246,76,'Deaerator is located at a height of about...','','multi','single','','','1','2.1.1',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:35:39','2021-01-03 16:35:39'),(247,76,'Function of control rods in the nuclear power plant is...','','multi','single','','','1','2.3',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-03 16:53:15','2021-01-03 16:53:15'),(248,76,'Test','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','2','1','1','1','2021-01-04 18:23:29','2021-01-04 18:23:29'),(249,76,'Test question 1','','multi','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16099430141609943014854047.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16099097121609909712797511.jpg','1','1',NULL,'1','3','0','0','1','2021-01-06 14:23:45','2021-01-06 14:23:45'),(250,76,'Test question 2','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','3','0','0','1','2021-01-05 10:14:22','2021-01-05 10:14:22'),(251,76,'Test question 3','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','1','0','0','1','2021-01-05 10:14:28','2021-01-05 10:14:28'),(253,76,'3.1.3 Overhead line insulators : Materials','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101264701610126470959958.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101264701610126470311283.JPG','1','3.1.3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-08 17:21:10','2021-01-08 17:21:10'),(254,76,'3.1.4 Overhead line insulators : Types of insulators','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101266231610126623618714.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101266231610126623852936.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101266231610126623574487.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101266231610126623644090.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101266231610126623934509.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101266231610126623765372.JPG','1','3.1.4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-08 17:23:43','2021-01-08 17:23:43'),(255,76,'3.1.5 Overhead line insulators : Causes of failure','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101267021610126702149529.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101267021610126702560195.JPG','1','3.1.5',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-08 17:25:02','2021-01-08 17:25:02'),(256,76,'3.1.6 Overhead line insulators : Testing','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101268071610126807975394.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101268071610126807905642.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101268071610126807774975.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101268071610126807672623.JPG','1','3.1.6',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-08 17:26:47','2021-01-08 17:26:47'),(257,76,'3.1.7 Overhead line insulators : Number of discs for various voltages','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101269241610126924.JPG','','1','3.1.7',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-08 17:28:44','2021-01-08 17:28:44'),(258,76,'3.1.8 Transmission Towers','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101270601610127060884362.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101270601610127060822470.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101270601610127060313769.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101270601610127060985702.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101270601610127060577285.jpg,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101270601610127060831845.jpg','1','3.1.8',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-08 17:31:00','2021-01-08 17:31:00'),(259,76,'3.2.1 Resistance','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101271731610127173.JPG','','1','3.2.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-08 17:32:53','2021-01-08 17:32:53'),(260,76,'3.2.2 Inductance','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101273371610127337150697.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101273371610127337587024.JPG','1','3.2.2',NULL,'1','2','1','1','1','2021-01-26 16:40:34','2021-01-26 16:40:34'),(261,76,'3.2.3 Capacitance','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101273961610127396.JPG','','1','3.2.3',NULL,'1','2','1','1','1','2021-01-26 16:41:15','2021-01-26 16:41:15'),(262,76,'<p>3.3 Performance of Transmission Lines</p>','','single','multi','','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101277291610127729196779.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101277291610127729482765.JPG,https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16101277291610127729138112.JPG','1','3.3','Performance of Transmission Lines','1','2','1','0','1','2021-01-08 17:43:02','2021-11-03 14:25:49'),(263,78,'<p>4 Fault Current Calculations</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Faults are inevitable. They do occur. The large fault currents will pass through the equipment of power system. Hence, equipments are required to be short-time rated for these fault currents. The circuit breakers are to be designed to interrupt this high value of fault current. The relay setting is decided based on this fault current. Thus, fault current calculations and fault analysis are very essential not only for existing power system but also while designing and installing the equipments of power system. We will discuss different types of faults, their causes and their consequences. We will also learn the procedure of calculating these fault currents.</span></p>','','1','4','Fault Current Calculations','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-18 10:37:05','2021-11-03 14:28:17'),(264,78,'<p>4.1 Types Of Faults</p>','','single','html','<ol>\n	<li>\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><u>Symmetrical (Balanced) Faults:</u></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Symmetrical faults are faults involving all the three phases. Triple line or L-L-L (R-Y-B) and triple line to ground or L-L-L-g (R-Y-B-g) faults are symmetrical faults.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol start=\"2\">\n	<li>\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><u>Asymmetrical Unbalanced) Faults:</u></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The faults involving only one or two phases are categorized as asymmetrical faults. Single line to ground (L-g), double line to ground (L-L-g) and double line (L-L) faults are asymmetrical faults. For a three-phase power system, there can be 10 different faults. These are R-g, Y-g,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;B-g, R-Y, Y-B, B-R, R-Y-g, Y-B-g, B-R-g and R-Y-B. R-Y-B and R-Y-B-g are the same faults as far as magnitude of fault currents is concerned. When an R-Y-B-g fault occurs, the three phase currents (I<sub>Rf</sub>, I<sub>Yf</sub> and I<sub>Bf</sub>) may be ten times (or even more) the rated full load current (referred to as CMR or Continuous Maximum Rating) for which the electrical equipment is designed. However, the vector sum of these three currents is zero,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">i.e., I<sub>Rf</sub> + I<sub>Yf</sub> + I<sub>Bf</sub>= 0.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Hence no current passes through the ground (Figure 4.1).</span></p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16159626641615962664.jpg\" style=\"height:551px; width:800px\" /></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Therefore, with reference to fault current values, R-Y-B and R-Y-B-g faults are same. Hence their fault current analysis is identical. These faults, however, differ in case of problem of overvoltage as will be discussed later.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">If one conductor of transmission line gets broken, it is a kind of abnormality which is known as single phasing. This abnormality is also called &ldquo;open conductor&rdquo; or &ldquo;broken conductor&rdquo;.</span></p>','','1','4.1','Types Of Faults','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-22 10:40:03','2021-11-03 14:37:15'),(265,78,'<p>4.2 Causes Of Fault</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">A symmetrical triple line to ground fault can occur in case of switching ON a circuit breaker when the earthing switch is inadvertently kept ON. There is a kind of mechanical or electrical interlock between a circuit breaker of a transmission line and its earthing switch such that if the earthing switch is ON, circuit breaker cannot be switched ON. However, a protection engineer always has to consider a probability of failure of that interlocking arrangement and design a protection scheme to look after this fault.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Two phases can be bridged together either in generators or motors or in power transformers/ distribution transformers because of failure of insulation between phases, particularly when conductors of different phases are in the same slot of a stator of a generator or motor (this is very unusual as machines are rarely designed with two conductors of different phases in the same slot, hence probability of L-L fault in machines is only in overhung portion).</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In the transmission lines, two phase wires can be shorted by kite strings or tree limbs. Moreover, in monsoon, the two phase conductors may swing (as they are suspended using suspension insulators which are free to move) due to winds and storms. While swinging two conductors (in horizontal line configuration) may come nearer, the dielectric strength of air might have dropped to as bad as </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">5 kV (peak)/ cm leading to flashover between two phase wires. This is the cause of L-L fault in lines.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Line to ground fault (L-g) is most common fault and can occur&nbsp; because of flashover across the line insulator due to lightning or switching overvoltage. Line to ground fault can occur in machines and transformers as well because of failure of insulation between a live conductor and earthed core.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">L-L-g fault can occur when L-L (say R-Y) and L-g (say Y-g) faults occur simultaneously.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">These are common and known causes. It is difficult to enlist the causes of faults as the faults occur in the field practices because of innumerable number of causes. Some of them can be listed as follows:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Terminal block in an indoor control panel burnt due to overheating (there can be some cause of this overheating) and terminals shorted. The current juice from C. T. secondary to relay via terminal block did not reach relay from one pair of C. T.s in case of differential protection scheme due to this shorting of terminals. The current juice from another pair of C. T.s passed through protective relay, mal-operating the differential protection of generator. Class A trip occurred, there was a complete collapse of generator, GT, boiler, turbine and auxiliaries. There was no internal fault in the generator, but differential protection operated just because of mere terminal block.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt\">There was a ground fault (L-g) in the cable connected between generator and GT. This L-g (say R-g) fault resulted in increase of V<sub>YB</sub> voltage by approximately </span><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\sqrt3\\)</span><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;times rated line to line voltage. Because of this overvoltage, there was flashover between Y and B phases in generator bus P. T. panel which was part of differential protection zone. This resulted in class A trip of generator protection scheme.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In case of differential protection of transformer, measuring C. T. connections were wrongly wired to a differential relay from one side (say, secondary) of transformer C. T.s. (current transformers). This error was caught while primary injection testing of differential protection scheme, as differential current of certain milliamperes (as against zero) was measured under normal condition. If this problem would not have been caught, the differential protection would certainly have mal-operated due to heavy through fault (for which, it must be stable).</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">While making a circuit breaker OFF at an industry (66 kV consumer) for shut-down and scheduled maintenance, the biased differential protection of 132/66 kV power transformer&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (of state electricity transmission corporation)&nbsp; mal-operated leading to unwanted tripping of 132/66 kV transformer which was feeding many other consumers obviously. This problem was corrected by changing the setting of second harmonic stabilization.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">At one generating station, rotor earth-fault protection operated because of uneven d. c. current flow in parallel paths of carbon brushes due to small variation in brush dimensions.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>','','1','4.2','Causes Of Fault','1','2','1','0','1','2021-10-27 06:58:45','2021-11-03 14:38:34'),(266,78,'<p>4.3 Consequence Of Faults</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The electrical equipment will be damaged due to faults, they will be required to be repaired and till then there will be an outage of the portion of the power system. The duty of protection and maintenance engineers is to reduce down time (time elapsed from clearance of the fault to resumption of the portion of the power system back to consumers) to minimum.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Damage due to faults are of two kinds:</strong></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Thermal Damage:</u> </strong>Fault current magnitude of 2 to 5 times (or even up to 8 times) the CMR (Continuous Maximum Rating) of the electrical equipment will heat the conductor (heat produced is proportional to I<sup>2</sup>Rt, I= Current passing through the conductor, R= Resistance of the conductor and t=time for which current is passed) and hence the insulation around it. When the current equal to CMR is passing, the conductor and insulation around it are also heated because of which the temperature rises. But at the same time heat is dissipated which is proportional to (T-T<sub>R</sub>)<sup>4</sup>. The heat is dissipated either naturally or using forced cooling means. As heat is dissipated at a higher rate than heat generated, temperature will stabilize at certain value. This equilibrium temperature reached for current equal to CMR will be withstood by the insulation of the equipment because the equipment is properly so designed. But when the fault current, as mentioned, passes through the equipment, the heat will generate at a faster rate and the equilibrium temperature reached in this case will be higher. This temperature will be certainly more than withstand limit of the insulation of the equipment, insulation will thermally break down, resulting into another fault if the remedial actions of the first fault are not taken. As thermal break down process is a function of time, the protective relaying has to act just before the time (leaving 10 to 20 % time margin) at which the insulation is going to be damaged. The time of operation of protective relay should, obviously, not more than this time at which insulation is damaged. But it should not be very earlier than this time. This is because the fault may be of transient nature and it may vanish before the withstand temperature limit of insulation is reached. In this case unnecessary operation of a relay and consequent tripping of a breaker will lead to unwanted outage and discomfort to consumers. Therefore, the function of protective gear is very critical. The relays used are time-delayed overcurrent relays in this case.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol start=\"2\">\n	<li>\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Electrodynamic Damage:</u></strong></span>&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size:14px\">When the fault current exceeds 8 to 10 times the full load rating of the equipment, this kind of damage can occur. This fault current flows through parallel conductors placed in transformers or in slots of generators, the repellent force is produced which would destruct the whole equipment structurally within few (8 to 10 or in certain cases little more) cycles (one cycle in 50 Hz a. c. system equals 20 milliseconds) and the equipment may burst. The structural or mechanical design of equipment is made such that these electrodynamic repellent forces produced by normal operating current of the equipment and those produced by smaller (2 to 8 times CMR) magnitudes of fault currents can be withstood by the equipment and it will not be electrodynamically damaged (the equipment can be damaged thermally as discussed, but this happens after delay in time, for which protective scheme is there). But for large short-circuit currents the devastating damage envisaged is to be avoided by using instantaneous overcurrent relay which operates within 1 to 3 cycles.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:72px; text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">It would be worthwhile to have an idea of probability of incidence of faults on the different elements of a power system (Table 4.1).</span><span style=\"font-size:11pt\">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"width:800px\">\n	<caption>\n	<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Table 4.1: Fault Statistics</span></div>\n	</caption>\n	<thead>\n		<tr>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"border-color:black; vertical-align:top; width:235px\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Element</span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top; width:191px\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Percentage of Faults</span></div>\n			</th>\n		</tr>\n	</thead>\n	<tbody>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:235px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Overhead Transmission Lines</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:191px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 45-55</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:235px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Underground Cables</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:191px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 10-12</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:235px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Switchgears</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:191px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 10-15</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:235px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Power Transformers</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:191px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 10-15</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:235px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; C. T. and P. T.</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:191px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;1-3</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:235px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Control Circuits</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:191px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2-4</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:235px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Miscellaneous</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:191px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7-10</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n	</tbody>\n</table>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Faults occurring in overhead transmission lines are sharing the highest percentage. Therefore, the statistics of different kinds of faults occurring in an overhead transmission line will be, really, interesting (Table 4.2).</span><span style=\"font-size:11pt\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"width:800px\">\n	<caption>\n	<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Table 4.2: Statistics of Faults occurring in Overhead Lines</span></div>\n	</caption>\n	<thead>\n		<tr>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"border-color:black; vertical-align:top; width:169px\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Type of Fault</span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top; width:219px\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Percentage Occurrence</span></div>\n			</th>\n		</tr>\n	</thead>\n	<tbody>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:169px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; L-g Faults</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:219px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;80-90</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:169px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; L-L Faults</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:219px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 10-12</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:169px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; L-L-g Faults</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:219px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3-5</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:169px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;L-L-L-g Faults</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:219px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.1-0.2</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n	</tbody>\n</table>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"color:white\">It is very clear tha<span style=\"font-size:14px\">t </span></span><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Line to Ground faults are the most commonly occurring faults.</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">It is very necessary to learn that 85% of faults listed in Table 4.2 are transient in nature. For example, the flashover occurs across the line insulator due to lightning or switching overvoltage. The overvoltage due to any of these two causes decays to normal voltage within milliseconds (maximum 5 milliseconds). However, the arc due to flashover maintains up to about 0.3 second. At the end of this time, the air around insulator regains its dielectric strength and fault is automatically rectified or self-healed. This is one kind of transient fault. In this case, either the relay should not operate, and breaker should not trip up to 0.3 second or if tripping occurs, circuit breaker is automatically reclosed using auto-recloser relays.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For the remaining 15% sustained faults, maintenance staff have to rectify the fault. (Obviously first locate the fault in a long transmission line which was time consuming as one has to patrol on the route of line to locate the fault. With the advent of numerical relays, this task has been made very easy as the relay indicates the location very accurately). </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">To summarize, it can be stated that the critical clearing time of the faults by protective relays is very important. Later operation damages the electrical equipment and too earlier operation unnecessarily trip the breaker which may result in power system instability. Hence, tripping a breaker unnecessarily is many a times as equally harmful as not tripping a breaker in case of fault. Therefore, the role of protection engineer is very crucial. </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Other important consequences of occurrence of faults are:</span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Because of damage or destruction of electrical equipment, they will be required to be repaired which results in long down time before portion of power system is resumed back to service.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Voltage drops.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Loss of revenue to electricity company and loss of production (and hence revenue) to industries.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Inconvenience caused to consumers.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Power system instability: The synchronism between machines working in power system could be lost because of fault occurrence and if this asynchronous operation is beyond transient stability limit of the generator, it will be isolated from bus because of operation of pole-slipping protection. If this is repeated for all generators of the system, there will be cascaded tripping (as it is called) and complete dark-out in the state grid.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Therefore, proper protective system has to be designed to avoid these consequences or (if avoiding is not possible) minimize the effects of these consequences. For this purpose, minimum faulted portion of the power system has to be selectively isolated from the remnant of the healthy power system as quickly as it is possible. This is so often quite complicated, and we will enter into these complicacies little later and will also appreciate how modern Numerical protective relays make this task possible.</span></p>','','1','4.3','Consequence Of Faults','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-22 13:37:25','2021-11-03 14:39:27'),(267,78,'<p>4.4 Why Fault Analysis And Fault Current Calculation</p>','','single','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">When the process of designing&nbsp; power system is initiated or there is an addition of portion of the power system to cope with the new load demands, it is very essential to prepare the specifications of all electrical equipment of the power system to initiate the procurements of these equipment. A small list (not an exhaustive) of the equipment is:</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Generators</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Power Transformers</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Distribution Transformers</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Circuit Breakers</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Current Transformers (C. T.s)</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Transmission Lines</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Isolators</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Busbars</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Protective Relays</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Fault current analysis and calculations for knowing the magnitude of fault currents is a must for following reasons:</strong></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">One important specification of all equipment listed above is the short time withstand current capacity. This means they should be able to withstand fault current for short time without being damaged. It is a practice to specify this short time as 1 second, 3 seconds or 5 seconds. Highest short time is a very conservative specification. Most common is 3 seconds. It is obvious that higher this short time, costlier will be the equipment. This is because more heat will develop and therefore larger conductor dimensions are required to contain this heat. Also, as temperature reached, because of fault current passage for more time, will be higher, the insulation used must withstand the higher temperature. Both these, the bigger conductor and better insulating material will cost more.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This requirement (to specify the fault current) necessitates the calculation of magnitude of fault current well in advance when the power system is being designed.</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol start=\"2\">\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The symmetrical rms breaking capacity and making capacity of a circuit breaker are also the important specifications while asking for quotations of a circuit breaker. This can be known only if we know the magnitude of the fault current and power factor of the fault current in advance.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol start=\"3\">\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Protective relay settings are calculated based on magnitude and power factor of the fault current.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Therefore, the exercise we will be doing in following paragraphs is very important in designing and project engineering of power system.</span></p>','','1','4.4','Fault Analysis And Fault Current Calculation','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-22 10:48:43','2021-11-03 15:15:55'),(268,78,'<p>4.5 Analysis Of Symmetrical Faults</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">As discussed, triple line or triple line to ground fault is a symmetrical fault. In this section, we will carry out the analysis of this kind of fault and calculate the magnitude of the fault current in case of such a fault.</span></p>','','1','4.5','Analysis Of Symmetrical Faults','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-18 11:11:57','2021-11-03 15:17:19'),(269,78,'4.5.1 Per Unite Method','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;Fault current calculations can be made by taking either the actual values of different quantities (such as voltage, current, impedance etc.) or the per unit (pu) values. Using per unit values simplifies the calculations to a great extent.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The per unit value of the quantity is the ratio of the actual value of that quantity to an arbitrarily selected base value. Therefore, per unit (shortly termed as pu) value has no units.</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Therefore,</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">pu&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(??MVA(kVA)=\\frac{MVA_{Actual}}{MVA_{Base}} \\\\\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;Where MVA<sub>Actual</sub> = Actual MVA</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">And MVA<sub>Base</sub> = Base MVA.</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">pu&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Impedance=\\frac{Z_{Actual}}{Z_{Base}} \\\\\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where Z<sub>Actual</sub> = Actual impedance in ohms</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And Z<sub>Base</sub> = Base impedance in ohms.</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Similar is the relation of current and voltage.</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>How to select base values?</u></strong></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Out of four system quantities,</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">MVA (kVA)</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">kV (Line to line voltage)</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">I (Line current)</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Z (Impedance)</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Base MVA (kVA) and base kV are to be selected. </span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Then,</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Base Current=\\frac{Base KVA}{\\sqrt{3}\\times BasekV} \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Base Impedance=\\frac{V_{ph}}{I} \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Where V<sub>ph</sub> = ph-n value of base voltage</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And I = Base current&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Therefore,&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Base\\hspace{0.1cm} Impedance=\\frac{\\sqrt{3}\\times V_{ph}}{\\sqrt{3}\\times I} \\)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{\\sqrt{3}V_{ph}\\times\\sqrt{3}V_{ph}} {3V_ph\\times I} \\\\ \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{V^2}{\\mathrm{Three \\hspace{0.1cm} Phase} \\hspace{0.1cm} VA} \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">where V = line to line voltage.</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Actual Impedance in ohms</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">= pu Impedance&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\times\\frac{V^2}{VA}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\frac{Z_{ohm}}{Z_{pu}}=\\frac{\\left(\\frac{V}{1000}\\right)^2}{\\frac{VA}{10^6}} \\\\\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{\\left(KV\\right)^2}{MVA} \\\\\\)</span>&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Where kV= Line to line voltage in kV</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MVA= Three phase MVA</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">or, &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Z_{ohm}=\\frac{\\left(KV\\right)^2}{MVA}\\times Z_{pu} \\\\\\)</span>&nbsp;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;.(Eq 4.1)</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">or,&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Z_{pu}=\\frac{MVA}{\\left(KV\\right)^2}\\times Z_{ohm} \\\\\\)</span>&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;(Eq 4.2)</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">So often, during fault calculations, it is required to deal with two different base values. However, calculations are done on common base. Hence, conversion from one base value to another is required. The following expressions hold good for such conversion:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Z_{ohm}=\\frac{\\left(KV\\right)^2_{old}}{MVA_{old}}\\times Z_{puold} \\\\ \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Z_{ohm}=\\frac{\\left(KV\\right)^2_{new}}{MVA_{new}}\\times Z_{punew} \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Equating these two equations, we get pu impedance referred to new base,</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Z_{punew}=\\frac{MVA_{new}}{MVA_{old}}\\frac{\\left(KV\\right)^2_{old}}{\\left(KV\\right)^2_{new}}\\times Z_{puold} \\\\\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>','','1','4.5.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-10-27 07:11:47','2021-10-27 12:41:47'),(270,78,'4.5.2 Advantages Of  pu System','','single','html','<ol start=\"1\">\n	<li>\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Manufacturers usually specify the impedance values of the equipment in pu of the rating of the Equipment.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Per unit data representation yields important information about relative magnitudes.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In power system there are large number of transformers. The ohmic value of impedance as referred to secondary is different from the value as referred to primary. But the pu values on both the sides are same. This simplifies the calculation of fault currents.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Ohmic value of the equivalent impedance referred to primary of transformer = Z<sub>1</sub></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Ohmic value of the equivalent impedance referred to secondary of transformer = Z<sub>2</sub></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">We know that,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Z<sub>2</sub> = Z<sub>1</sub>K<sup>2</sup></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Where&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(K=\\frac{V_2}{V_1}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;V<sub>1</sub> = Primary Voltage</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;V<sub>2</sub> = Secondary Voltage</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">pu Z <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{IZ}{V}\\)</span>&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Where&nbsp; I = Full load rated current of the transformer.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Z = Equivalent Impedance in ohms.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; V = Rated Voltage.</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">pu Z referred to secondary,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{I_2Z_2}{V_2}=\\frac{I_2Z_1K^2}{V_2}=\\frac{Z_1\\frac{V_2^2}{V_1^2}}{\\frac{V_2}{I_2}}\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{Z_1V_2^2I_2}{V_2V_1^2}=\\frac{Z_1V_2^2I_1V_1}{V_2V_1^2V_2} \\\\\\)</span>&hellip;&hellip;&nbsp;As&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\frac{V_2}{V_1}=\\frac{I_1}{I_2}\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{I_1Z_1}{V_1}=\\)</span>&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size:14px\">pu Z referred to primary.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Hence pu values are same on both sides of transformer.</span></p>','','1','4.5.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 06:13:42','2021-04-26 11:43:42'),(271,78,'4.5.3 Calculation of Fault Current for Triple Line to Ground Fault (Symmetrical Fault: L-L-L-g)','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Let us plot the vector diagrams for three phase voltages and currents as shown in figure 4.2.</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160588211616058821.jpg\" style=\"float:left; height:524px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">These are known as balanced voltages and currents. The electrical vector quantities are said to be balanced if:</span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The magnitudes of all three phase quantities are equal.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The vectors are at an angle of 120<sup>0</sup>&nbsp;with each other.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The phase sequence is R-Y-B. This means that, when the vectors are rotated anticlockwise, vector Y will replace vector R and vector B will replace vector Y.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">However, when fault occurs, the voltages and currents are no more balanced. The unbalanced voltages and currents can be represented as shown in figure 4.3.</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160588711616058871.jpg\" style=\"float:left; height:524px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; I<sub>R</sub>&nbsp;= I<sub>R1</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>R2</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>R0</sub></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;I<sub>Y</sub>&nbsp;= I<sub>Y1</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>Y2</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>Y0</sub></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;I<sub>B</sub>&nbsp;= I<sub>B1</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>B2</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>B0</sub></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Positive sequence currents mean the balanced currents with phase sequence R-Y-B. Negative sequence currents are also balanced (vector sum I<sub>R2</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>Y2</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>B2</sub>&nbsp;= 0) but with phase sequence R-B-Y. Zero sequence currents are in phase with equal magnitudes as shown.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;Similarly,</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;V<sub>R</sub>&nbsp;= V<sub>R1</sub>&nbsp;+ V<sub>R2</sub>&nbsp;+ V<sub>R0</sub></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">V<sub>Y</sub>&nbsp;= V<sub>Y1</sub>&nbsp;+ V<sub>Y2</sub>&nbsp;+ V<sub>Y0</sub></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">V<sub>B</sub>&nbsp;= V<sub>B1</sub>&nbsp;+ V<sub>B2</sub>&nbsp;+ V<sub>B0</sub></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now, let us introduce vector operator &ldquo;a&rdquo; (figure 4.4).</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160589031616058903.jpg\" style=\"height:524px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Vector operator a is a unit vector when operated on any other vector, rotates that vector through 120<sup>0</sup>&nbsp;in positive (anticlockwise) direction (obviously without changing the magnitude of the vector).</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Summarizing,</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(a=1\\angle120^0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=-0.5+j\\hspace{0.1cm}0.866\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(a^2=1\\angle240^0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;= - 0.5- j 0.866</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(a^3=1\\angle0^0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(a^4=a=1\\angle120^0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;And so on.</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;1 + a + a<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;= 0</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Hence w. r. t. figure 4.3,</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;I<sub>R1</sub>&nbsp;= I<sub>1</sub>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;I<sub>R2</sub>&nbsp;= I<sub>2</sub></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">I<sub>Y1</sub>&nbsp;= a<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;I<sub>R1</sub>&nbsp;= a<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;I<sub>1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</sub>I<sub>Y2</sub>&nbsp;= a I<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">I<sub>R0</sub>&nbsp;= I<sub>Y0</sub>&nbsp;= I<sub>B0</sub>&nbsp;= I<sub>0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</sub></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><sub>&nbsp;</sub>I<sub>B1</sub>&nbsp;= a I<sub>1</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sub>B2</sub>&nbsp;= a<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;I<sub>2</sub></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Therefore,</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;I<sub>R</sub>&nbsp;= I<sub>1</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>0</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Eq 4.3)</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; I<sub>Y</sub>&nbsp;= a<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;I<sub>1</sub>&nbsp;+ a I<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>+ I<sub>0</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Eq 4.4)</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sub>B</sub>&nbsp;= a I<sub>1</sub>&nbsp;+ a<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;I<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>0</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Eq 4.5)</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Similar expressions for voltages can be written.</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">If we multiply equation 4.4 by a and equation 4.5 by a<sup>2</sup>,</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;I<sub>R</sub>&nbsp;= I<sub>1</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>0</sub>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; (Eq 4.6)</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">a I<sub>Y</sub>&nbsp;= I<sub>1</sub>&nbsp;+ a<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;I<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;+ a I<sub>0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</sub>(Eq 4.7)</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">a<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;I<sub>B</sub>&nbsp;= I<sub>1</sub>&nbsp;+ a I<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;+ a<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;I<sub>0</sub>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(Eq 4.8)</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Therefore,</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_1=\\frac{1}{3}\\left(I_R+aI_Y+a^2I_B\\right)\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(Eq 4.9)</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Similarly,</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_2=\\frac{1}{3}\\left(I_R+a^2I_Y+aI_B\\right)\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (Eq 4.10)</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">And&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_0=\\frac{1}{3}\\left(I_R+I_Y+I_B\\right)\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (Eq 4.11)</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">All these expressions can be represented in matrix form also as follows:</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\left[\\matrix{I_R&amp;\\cr I_Y&amp;\\cr I_B}\\right]=\\left[\\matrix{1 &amp;\\cr 1&amp; \\cr 1 }\\matrix{1 &amp;\\cr a^2 &amp;\\cr a}\\matrix{1&amp; \\cr a &amp;\\cr a^2 }\\right]\\left[\\matrix{I_0 &amp;\\cr I_1 &amp;\\cr I_2 }\\right]\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp; Or,&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sub>RYB</sub>&nbsp;= [A] I<sub>012</sub></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Where,&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\left[A\\right]=\\left[\\matrix{1 &amp;\\cr 1 &amp;\\cr 1 }\\matrix{1 &amp;\\cr a^2 &amp;\\cr a}\\matrix{1 &amp;\\cr a &amp;\\cr a^2 }\\right]\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\left[\\matrix{I_0 &amp;\\cr I_1 &amp;\\cr I_2 }\\right]=\\left[A\\right]^{-1}\\left[\\matrix{I_R &amp;\\cr I_Y &amp;\\cr I_B }\\right]\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Where\\hspace{0.1cm}\\left[A\\right]^{-1}=\\frac{1}{3}\\left[\\matrix{1 &amp;\\cr 1&amp; \\cr 1 }\\matrix{1 &amp;\\cr a &amp;\\cr a^2}\\matrix{1 &amp;\\cr a^2 &amp;\\cr a }\\right]\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp; Or, I<sub>012</sub>&nbsp;= [A]<sup>-1</sup>&nbsp;I<sub>RYB</sub></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Similar expressions for voltages can be written.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Generator at the power plant generates only positive sequence emf E. When fault occurs the sequence voltages can be found out as follows:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Figure 4.5 shows a star connected generator with neutral impedance Z<sub>n</sub>&nbsp;connected in neutral circuit. When fault occurs, there will be three sequence networks as shown in figures 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8. The positive sequence emf E is seen only in positive sequence network of figure 4.6 and not in figures 4.7 and 4.8. Currents I<sub>R1</sub>, I<sub>Y1</sub>&nbsp;and I<sub>B1</sub>&nbsp;pass only through phase windings (figure 4.5) and not through neutral as I<sub>R1</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>Y1</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>B1</sub>&nbsp;= 0.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160589991616058999.jpg\" style=\"float:left; height:524px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160590491616059049.jpg\" style=\"float:left; height:524px; width:800px\" /><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160590761616059076.jpg\" style=\"height:524px; width:800px\" /><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160590951616059095.jpg\" style=\"height:524px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Hence, w. r. t. positive sequence network shown in figure 4.6,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">V<sub>1</sub>&nbsp;= E &ndash; I<sub>1</sub>&nbsp;Z<sub>1</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Eq 4.12)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Where Z<sub>1</sub>&nbsp;= Positive Sequence Impedance of the Generator.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">As discussed earlier the value of Z<sub>1</sub>&nbsp;will be X<sub>d</sub>? (sub-transient direct axis reactance) if analysis of fault events is being done during one cycle following the inception of fault. The magnitude of fault current will be very large as X<sub>d</sub>? is usually very small. If analysis is being made for transient period (15 to 30 cycles following the instant of fault inception, time depending on X/R ratio) X<sub>d</sub>? has to be considered. The magnitude of the fault current, in this case will be less than that during sub-transient period, but yet quite large as&nbsp; transient reactance ( X<sub>d</sub>? ) of the large generator is of the order of 30 % (sub-transient reactance is of the order of 20 %). If one is calculating the fault current in a steady-state period, X<sub>d</sub>&nbsp;(or X<sub>s</sub>) is to be considered. This steady-state reactance, X<sub>s</sub>, is of the order of 200 %. Hence, steady-state fault current is less than the full load rated current of the generator.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Refer negative sequence network shown in figure 4.7. It can be appreciated that the sum of the three negative sequence currents I<sub>R2</sub>, I<sub>Y2</sub>&nbsp;and I<sub>B2</sub>&nbsp;is zero, hence there is no current through neutral circuit (refer figure 4.5).</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Therefore, V<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;= - I<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;Z<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Eq 4.13)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Where Z<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;= Negative Sequence Impedance of Generator.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">But, I<sub>R0</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>Y0</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>B0</sub>&nbsp;= 3 I<sub>0</sub>. Hence, referring to figure 4.5, the zero sequence currents passing through generator windings are I<sub>R0</sub>, I<sub>Y0</sub>&nbsp;and I<sub>B0</sub>&nbsp;respectively, but current will pass through neutral circuit and its magnitude will be 3I<sub>0</sub>&nbsp;causing a voltage drop I<sub>0</sub>&nbsp;(Z<sub>g0</sub>&nbsp;+ 3 Z<sub>n</sub>)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Therefore,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Z<sub>0</sub>&nbsp;= Z<sub>g0</sub>&nbsp;+ 3 Z<sub>n</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Eq 4.14)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Referring to zero sequence network shown in figure 4.8,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">V<sub>0</sub>&nbsp;= - I<sub>0</sub>&nbsp;Z<sub>0</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Eq 4.15)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now resuming back to calculation of fault current for a three-phase fault (L-L-L-g or L-L-L), let us write the conditions [figure 4.1(b)]:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160591671616059167.jpg\" style=\"height:564px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">V<sub>R</sub>&nbsp;= V<sub>Y</sub>&nbsp;= V<sub>B</sub>&nbsp;= 0, at the point of fault.</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">I<sub>R</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>Y</sub>&nbsp;+ I<sub>B</sub>&nbsp;= 0</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{.045in}.}\\hspace{.3in}I_0=\\frac{1}{3}\\left(I_R+I_Y+I_B\\right)=0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(V_1=\\frac{1}{3}\\left(V_R+aV_Y+a^2V_B\\right)=0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(V_2=\\frac{1}{3}\\left(V_R+a^2V_Y+aV_B\\right)=0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_0=\\frac{1}{3}\\left(I_R+I_Y+I_B\\right)=0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{.045in}.}\\hspace{.3in}V_0=-I_0Z_0=0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; V<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;= - I<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;Z<sub>2</sub></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><sub><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{.045in}.}\\hspace{.3in}0=-I_2\\hspace{0,1cm}Z_2\\)</span></sub></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><sub><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{.045in}.}\\hspace{.3in}I_2=0\\)</span></sub></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Hence negative and zero sequence networks do not exist, and only positive sequence network is there. Hence, only positive sequence currents are existing. Hence, this fault (L-L-L-g) is said to be symmetrical fault.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Figure 4.9 is the positive sequence network (or reactance diagram) for L-L-L-g fault.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160591971616059197.jpg\" style=\"height:524px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">V<sub>1</sub> = E &ndash; I<sub>1</sub> Z<sub>1</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (refer figure 4.6)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><sub>&nbsp;<sub><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{.025in}.}\\hspace{.2in}0=E-I_1Z_1\\)</span></sub></sub></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><sub><sub><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{.025in}.}\\hspace{.2in}I_1=\\frac{E}{Z_1}\\)</span></sub></sub>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(Eq 4.16)</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_R=I_1+I_2+I_0=\\frac{E}{Z_1}\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_Y=a^2I_1+aI_2+I_0=a^2\\frac{E}{Z_1}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_B=aI_1+a^2I_2+I_0=a\\frac{E}{Z_1}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">These are the three phase fault currents.</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Fault\\hspace{0.1cm} Current=\\frac{V_{Base}}{Z_1}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">If base voltage is considered as 1 pu&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\((1\\angle0^0)\\)</span>&sbquo;</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(pu\\hspace{0.1cm}Fault\\hspace{0.1cm} Current=\\frac{1}{pu Z_1}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\sqrt3\\times Base\\hspace{0.1cm}Current\\times pu\\hspace{0.1cm} Fault\\hspace{0.1cm}Current\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{\\sqrt3\\times V_{Base}\\times I_{Base}}{puZ_1}\\)</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">As Base Voltage = 1 pu</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">And Base Current = 1 pu</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{.025in}.}\\hspace{.2in}Fault\\hspace{0.1cm} Level \\hspace{0.1cm}in \\hspace{0.1cm}MVA=\\frac{Base\\hspace{0.1cm} MVA}{pu\\hspace{0.1cm} Z_1}\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (Eq 4.17) &nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Fault current for three-phase fault can be calculated using Equation 4.16 or Equation 4.17. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>','','1','4.5.3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 10:29:39','2021-04-28 15:59:39'),(272,78,'4.5.4  Application Example','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Example 4.1:</u></strong> Refer figure 4.10. Calculate the fault currents for three-phase faults at buses A, B, C, D and E. Ignore resistance of transmission lines.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160599181616059918.jpg\" style=\"float:left; height:515px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Solution:</u></strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;Base MVA = 150 MVA.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Base kV = 132 kV line to line.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">pu reactance of Generator = 0.2 pu on its own base</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Generator\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA=\\frac{120}{0.85}=141.17\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">pu reactance of Generator referred to</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(150\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA=\\frac{MVA_{new}}{MVA_{old}}\\times Z_{puold}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{150}{141.17}\\times 0.2=0.2125\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">pu reactance of transformer = 0.1 pu.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For transmission lines,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(pu\\hspace{0.1cm}X=\\frac{MVA}{\\left(KV\\right)^2}\\times Z_{ohm}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(pu\\hspace{0.1cm}X_{AB}=\\frac{150}{132^2}\\times 6=0.0516\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Similarly,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><em>pu X</em><sub><em>BC</em></sub>&nbsp;= 0.0344 pu</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><em>pu X</em><sub><em>CD</em></sub>&nbsp;= 0.0344 pu</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><em>pu X</em><sub><em>DE</em></sub>&nbsp;= 0.0344 pu</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Referring to reactance diagram shown in figure 4.11,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160599561616059956.jpg\" style=\"height:515px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>For a three-phase fault at bus A,</strong></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Pu X = 0.15625 pu</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Fault\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA=\\frac{Base\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA}{pu\\hspace{0.1cm}X}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{150}{0.15625}\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=960\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Fault\\hspace{0.1cm}Current=\\frac{960\\times 10^6}{\\sqrt3\\times132\\times 10^3}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=4198.9\\hspace{0.1cm}Amp\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Similarly, for fault at bus B,</span></strong></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Pu X = 0.20785 pu.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Fault\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA=\\frac{150}{0.20785}\\)</span>&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=721.67\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Fault Current = 3156.5 Amp.</span></p>\n\n<h1 style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</h1>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>For fault at bus C,</strong></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Fault MVA = 619.195 MVA.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fault Current, I<sub>f</sub> = 2708.27 Amp.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For fault at bus D,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Fault MVA = 542.20 MVA.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">I<sub>f</sub> = 2371.5 Amp.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For fault at bus E,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Fault MVA = 482.24 MVA.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">I<sub>f</sub> = 2109.24 Amp</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The reader shall note that while carrying out this fault analysis, pre-fault currents are not considered as usually the fault currents are much larger than the load currents. Hence, the load currents are ignored in comparison to the fault currents. The fault analysis considering the pre-fault currents, however, can be carried out, but it is little complicated. It is a usual practice to ignore the pre-fault currents.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>','','1','4.5.4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 06:24:38','2021-04-26 11:54:38'),(273,78,'4.5.5 Application Example','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Example 4.2:</u></strong> With reference to figure 4.12, calculate the fault currents for three-phase faults at buses A, B, C and D respectively. Also suggest the symmetrical breaking capacities of breakers 1, 2, 3 and 4. For a fault at bus C, what will be the fault current in 132 kV transmission line and fault current shared by each generator?</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160610981616061098.jpg\" style=\"height:524px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Solution:</u></strong> Base MVA =100 MVA</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">pu reactance of generators,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(X_g=\\frac{100}{82.35}\\times 0.15\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Generator\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA=\\frac{70}{0.85}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=82.35\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;= 0.182 pu.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">pu reactance of 100 MVA generator transformers,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">X<sub>T1</sub> = 0.12 pu.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Resistance and reactance of 132 kV transmission line,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(pu\\hspace{0.1cm}R_{T1}=\\frac{100}{132^2}\\times 3=0.017\\hspace{0.1cm}pu \\\\ \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(pu\\hspace{0.1cm}X_{T1}=\\frac{100}{132^2}\\times 12=0.069\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">pu reactance of 50 MVA transformer on 100 MVA base,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(X_{T2}=\\frac{100}{50}\\times 0.1=0.2\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Resistance and reactance of 66 kV transmission line on 100 MVA base,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(pu\\hspace{0.1cm}R_{T2}=\\frac{100}{66^2}\\times 2=0.046\\hspace{0.1cm}pu \\\\ \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(pu\\hspace{0.1cm}X_{T2}=\\frac{100}{66^2}\\times 6=0.1377\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Referring to reactance diagram shown in figure 4.13,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160611241616061124.jpg\" style=\"height:524px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>For a three-phase fault at bus A,</strong></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Fault\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA=\\frac{Base\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA}{pu\\hspace{0.1cm}Z}=\\frac{100}{0.151}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=662.25\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Fault current, <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_f=\\frac{662.25\\times 10^3}{\\sqrt3\\times 132}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=2896.6\\hspace{0.1cm}Amp\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>For fault at bus B,</strong></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Fault\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA=\\frac{100}{0.017+j\\hspace{0.1cm}0.22}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{100}{0.22\\angle85.58}\\)</span> &nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=454.55\\angle-85.58^0\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_f=1988\\angle-85.58^0\\hspace{0.1cm}Amp\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>For a fault at bus C,</strong></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Fault\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA=\\frac{100}{0.017+j\\hspace{0.1cm}0.42}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{100}{0.42\\angle87.68}\\)</span>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=238.09\\angle-87.68^0\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_f=\\frac{238.09\\angle-87.68\\times10^3}{\\sqrt3\\times66}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=2082.79\\angle-87.68^0\\hspace{0.1cm}Amp\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For the same fault, fault current in primary of 50 MVA transformer (or in 132 kV line),</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_{f132}=\\frac{2082.79}{2}=1041.4\\hspace{0.1cm}Amp\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This fault current when shared by each generator can be calculated as follows:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">I<sub>f</sub> shared by each generator <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=1041.4\\times\\frac{132}{11}\\times\\frac{1}{2}\\)</span>&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;= 6248.4 Amp.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>For a three-phase fault at bus D,</strong></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Fault\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA=\\frac{100}{0.063+j\\hspace{0.1cm}0.5577}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{100}{0.561\\angle83.55}\\)</span> &nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=178.25\\angle-83.55^0\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">I<sub>f </sub>=1559.31 Amp.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Symmetrical breaking capacities will be decided based on the fault MVA at the bus near the breaker.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Therefore, symmetrical breaking capacity required for</span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Breaker 1: 750 MVA</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Breaker 2: 500 MVA</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Breaker 3: 300 MVA</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Breaker 4: 200 MVA</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Rounded off values are selected.</span></p>','','1','4.5.5',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 06:29:54','2021-04-26 11:59:54'),(274,78,'4.5.6  Application Example','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Example 4.3:</u></strong> Figure 4.14 shows a single line diagram of a 66/11 kV substation. Calculate</span></p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Short time withstand capacity of all 11 kV current transformers.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Symmetrical breaking capacity (in MVA) of all 11 kV breakers.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Short time withstand capacity of both 66/11 kV power transformers.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160612091616061209.jpg\" style=\"height:627px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Solution: </u></strong></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Using Equation 4.17,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Fault level in&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(MVA=\\frac{Base\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA}{pu\\hspace{0.1cm}Z}\\)</span> </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Fault level in MVA at 66 kV bus is obviously 500 MVA as breaker selected is of breaking capacity 500 MVA. If base MVA is selected as 500 MVA, pu Z from generation (source) to 66 kV bus is 1 pu. This is known as source impedance. Reactance diagram, accordingly, is drawn as shown in figure 4.15.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160616601616061660.jpg\" style=\"height:524px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">pu reactance of each power transformer on 500 MVA base,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{500}{50}\\times 0.1=1\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Equivalent impedance = j 1.5 pu.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Fault MVA on 11 kV bus&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{500}{1.5}=333.33\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Hence all 11 kV breakers shall be required of symmetrical breaking capacity 350 MVA (rounded off).</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Fault current,&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_f=\\frac{333.33\\times 10^3}{\\sqrt3\\times 11}=17495\\hspace{0.1cm}MVA\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Hence, short time current withstand capacity for all 11 kV C. T.s is to be demanded as 20 kA (rounded off) for 3 seconds. The same value is the short time withstand capacity of power transformers in secondary side. For primary it will be</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(20\\times \\frac{11}{66}=3.33\\hspace{0.1cm}Amp\\)</span></span></p>','','1','4.5.6',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-21 08:06:49','2021-04-21 13:36:49'),(275,78,'4.5.7 Application Example','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Example 4.4:</u></strong> Consider a three-bus system of figure 4.16. Both the generators are 120 MW, 0.85 pf each with transient reactance 15 %. Both the transformers are of 150 MVA capacity with equivalent leakage reactance 10 % each. Calculate the fault current for a three-phase fault as shown in figure. Assume all line reactances are given on 150 MVA base.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16194186601619418660.jpg\" style=\"height:675px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Solution:</u> </strong>The reactance diagram of figure 4.16 is as shown in figure 4.17. </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160621251616062125.jpg\" style=\"height:675px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Base MVA = 150.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Generator reactance at 150 MVA base,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{150\\times 0.85}{120}\\times 0.15=0.1594\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now, for further analysis, delta to star transformation is required. The reactances in star formation are each equal with values</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\frac{0,1\\times 0.1}{0.1+0.1+0.1}=0.03333\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The reactance diagram after delta to star conversion is given in figure 4.18.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160621551616062155.jpg\" style=\"height:675px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Equivalent reactance,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">X<sub>eq</sub> = 0.18 pu.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Fault MVA &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{150}{0.18}\\)</span>&nbsp;=834.75 MVA.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Fault current,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_f=\\frac{834.75\\times 10^3}{\\sqrt3\\times 132}=3651\\hspace{0.1cm}Amp\\)</span></span></p>','','1','4.5.7',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 06:31:56','2021-04-26 12:01:56'),(276,78,'4.5.8  Current Limiting Reactors','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">If the country or a state is very small with reference to its geographical area, the transmission lines will be too short, resulting in very large fault currents. These fault currents are required to be limited or reduced. This can be done by using fault current limiting reactors. The advantage of using reactors is that there will be no power loss, but the disadvantage is that power factor worsens. Yet a very useful application of fault limiting reactors is discussed as follows:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">There is a power system network as shown in figure 4.19. All 66 kV breakers used are of symmetrical breaking capacity 750 MVA. After 5 years (or may be 10 years), 50 MVA capacity is required to be added as load demand has increased. This necessitated to install one more 66 kV incomer and one more 66/11 kV, 50 MVA power transformer. But as third parallel incomer has been added feeding more power to 66 kV bus, the fault current for a fault at 66 kV bus will increase. This will necessitate all the breakers (the new ones to be installed and the old ones which are already existing) to be of higher breaking capacity. The new ones can be purchased with higher breaking capacity, but the old breakers will have to be replaced with breakers having higher breaking capacity. This is not economically viable. In this case, a bus reactor can be installed as shown in figure 4.20. If need be, a similar fault limiting reactor can be installed at 11 kV bus too. This reactor will limit the fault current at 11 kV bus as required.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160622531616062253.jpg\" style=\"height:631px; width:800px\" /><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160622761616062276.jpg\" style=\"height:569px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160623181616062318.jpg\" style=\"height:491px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The same motive can be achieved in yet different way. Refer figure 4.21. The old installations are shown with full lines and the new installations are shown with dotted lines. If old breakers are not to be replaced with breakers having higher breaking capacity, the only requirement is an interlock such that:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">When both the incomer circuit breakers CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub> are closed (ON), bus sectionalizing breaker cannot be made ON.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Bus sectionalizing breaker can be made ON only if either of the incomer circuit breaker is OFF.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This interlock serves the purpose of limiting fault current as two incomers are never in parallel. Other advantages of using sectionalizing breaker are:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The disadvantage of low power factor with use of bus reactor is not there when we use bus sectionalizing breaker.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In case of bus fault, whole of the bus has to be evacuated when bus reactor is used. Whereas half of the bus can be used in case of bus fault when sectionalizing breaker is used, as the healthy part of the bus can be used as the concerned incomer breaker and sectionalizing breaker will be tripped by bus protection system.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>','','1','4.5.8',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-21 08:21:17','2021-04-21 13:51:17'),(277,78,'4.5.10  Transients in R-L series circuits','','single','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">?We have seen that a power system is rich of inductive reactance. Resistive component is negligibly small. Refer to single phase equivalent circuit of a typical power system network as shown in figure 4.25.</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16164831591616483159.jpg\" style=\"height:491px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">When fault occurs, the load and system capacitance are shorted. Using Kirchoff&rsquo;s voltage law, we can write,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(L\\frac{di}{dt}+Ri=e=E_m\\sin(\\omega t+\\theta)\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;(Eq 4.18)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The voltage waveshape is shown in figure 4.26.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16161466691616146669.jpg\" style=\"height:491px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Equation 4.18 is an equation written for fault current i when there is a sudden short circuit. This equation is a differential equation, and the solution is the sum of complementary function (transient component) and the particular integral (steady-state component). The transient solution can be obtained by writing,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(L\\frac{di}{dt}+R\\hspace{0.1cm}i=0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}\\frac{di}{i}=\\frac{-R}{L}\\hspace{0.1cm}dt\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Integrating,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(ln\\hspace{0.1cm}i=\\frac{-Rt}{L}+K\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Where K = Constant of integration. </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{.045cm}.}\\hspace{0.1cm}ln\\hspace{0.1cm}i=ln\\hspace{0.1cm}e^{\\frac{-Rt}{L}}+ln\\hspace{0.1cm}A\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Where A = Constant,&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(ln\\hspace{0.1cm}A=K\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{.045cm}.}\\hspace{0.1cm}\\hspace{0.1cm}i=A\\hspace{0.1cm}e^{\\frac{-Rt}{L}}\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (Eq 4.19)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">It is seen that the transient component is the exponentially decaying component or d. c. offset as it is called. It decays to a very small value after about 15 to 30 cycles depending upon time constant L/R. The transient component is not d. c., it decays after about 30 cycles as stated. But for the operation of an instantaneous overcurrent relay which operates within 1 to 3 cycles, this transient component can be assumed to remain constant. That is why the transient component is named d. c. offset.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For obtaining steady-state solution,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(i=C\\cos(\\omega t+\\theta)+D\\sin(\\omega t+\\theta)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\frac{\\mathrm{d}i}{\\mathrm{d}t}=-C\\hspace{0.1cm}\\omega \\hspace{0.1cm}\\sin(\\omega t+\\theta)+D\\hspace{0.1cm}\\omega \\hspace{0.1cm}\\cos(\\omega t+\\theta)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Substituting these values of i and&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\frac{\\mathrm{d}i}{\\mathrm{d}t}\\)</span>&nbsp;in Equation 4.18,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(-C\\hspace{0.1cm}\\omega \\hspace{0.1cm}L\\sin(\\omega t+\\theta)+D\\hspace{0.1cm}\\omega \\hspace{0.1cm}L\\cos(\\omega t+\\theta)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(+R \\hspace{0.1cm}C\\hspace{0.1cm} \\cos(\\omega t+\\theta)+ R \\hspace{0.1cm}D\\hspace{0.1cm} \\sin(\\omega t+\\theta)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=E_m \\hspace{0.1cm} \\sin(\\omega t+\\theta)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Equating coefficients of sin and cos terms,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(R\\hspace{0.1cm}C+D\\hspace{0.1cm}\\omega\\hspace{0.1cm}L=0,\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(R\\hspace{0.1cm}D-C\\hspace{0.1cm}\\omega\\hspace{0.1cm}L=E_m\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{.045cm}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}C= \\frac{-D\\hspace{0.1cm}\\omega \\hspace{0.1cm}L}{R}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{.045cm}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}R\\hspace{0.1cm}D+ \\frac{D\\hspace{0.1cm}\\omega^2 \\hspace{0.1cm}L^2}{R}=E_m\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{.045cm}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}D[\\frac{R^2+\\omega^2\\hspace{0.1cm}L^2}{R}]=E_m\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{.045cm}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}D=\\frac{R\\hspace{0.1cm}E_m}{R^2+\\omega^2\\hspace{0.1cm}L^2}\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(C=\\frac{-\\omega\\hspace{0.1cm}L\\hspace{0.1cm}E_m}{R^2+\\omega^2\\hspace{0.1cm}L^2}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Referring to impedance triangle shown in figure 4.27,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16161467031616146703.jpg\" style=\"height:491px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\cos\\phi=\\)</span>&nbsp;Power factor,&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(Z=\\sqrt{(R^2+\\omega^2\\hspace{0.1cm}L^2)}\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\sin\\phi=\\frac{\\omega\\hspace{0.1cm}L}{Z}\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\cos\\phi=\\frac{R}{Z}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">These relations give the final steady-state solution as follows:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(i=\\frac{E_m}{Z}[\\sin(\\omega\\hspace{0.1cm}t+\\theta)\\cos\\phi\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(-\\cos(\\omega\\hspace{0.1cm}t+\\theta)\\sin\\phi]\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{E_m}{Z}\\hspace{0.1cm}\\sin(\\omega\\hspace{0.1cm}t+\\theta-\\phi)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=I_m\\hspace{0.1cm}\\sin(\\omega\\hspace{0.1cm}t+\\theta-\\phi)\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Where&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\frac{E_m}{Z}=I_m\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Total solution is </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(i=A\\hspace{0.1cm}e^{-\\frac{RT}{L}}+I_m\\hspace{0.1cm}\\sin(\\omega\\hspace{0.1cm}t+\\theta-\\phi)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now at t = 0 (just before fault inception), i = 0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ignoring pre-fault current)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(0=A\\hspace{0.1cm}+I_m\\hspace{0.1cm}\\sin(\\theta-\\phi)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.1cm}A\\hspace{0.1cm}=I_m\\hspace{0.1cm}\\sin(\\phi-\\theta)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Therefore,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(i\\hspace{0.1cm}=I_m\\hspace{0.1cm}[\\sin(\\omega t+\\theta-\\phi)+sin(\\phi -\\theta)e^{\\frac{-Rt}{L}}]\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">It is seen that the fault current is a sinusoidal wave superimposed on exponentially decaying d. c. offset.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now, the fault can occur at any instant of voltage wave. In figure 4.26, fault is shown to have occurred at <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\theta=45^0\\)</span> approximately. If fault occurs at e = 0, <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\theta=0^0\\)</span>and if we assume &omega;L &gt;&gt; R (the assumption which is not far from reality), <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\phi=90^0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(i=I_m\\hspace{0.1cm}[\\sin(\\omega t-90)+e^{\\frac{-RT}{L}}]\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The waveshape will be as shown in figure 4.28. The waveshape shows that there will be maximum asymmetry. If fault occurs at e = E<sub>m</sub>, &theta; = 90<sup>0</sup>.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16161467471616146747.jpg\" style=\"height:491px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(i=I_m\\hspace{0.1cm}\\sin\\hspace{0.1cm}\\omega t\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The waveshape of fault current will now be symmetrical w. r. t. time axis. But one never knows the instant at which fault will occur. Hence, a switchgear engineer (or a protection engineer) has to design the power system for worst asymmetry as shown in figure 4.28 wherein the peak of the current will be 2 I<sub>m</sub> (or 2.8 &times; I<sub>rms</sub>). This is known as dynamic current.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>The significance of this asymmetry in waveshape is many-fold: </strong></span></p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">When fault occurs, all the equipment of the power system (generators, transformers, isolators, circuit breakers, busbars etc.) have to withstand this dynamic current as this current can be a reason for electrodynamic failure of the equipment and, in turn, bursting of the equipment.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In the era of very fast operating relays (one cycle) and breakers having very low breaker time (one or two cycles), the circuit breaker will be interrupting the asymmetric fault current. Hence, while specifying, a switchgear engineer shall have to ask for higher breaking capacity than the symmetrical breaking capacity calculated in foregoing section. The multiplying factor for specifying asymmetric breaking capacity for breakers is tabulated in Table 4.3 below:</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"width:800px\">\n	<caption>\n	<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Table 4.3: Multiplying Factor for Asymmetric Breaking Current</span></div>\n	</caption>\n	<thead>\n		<tr>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"border-color:black; vertical-align:top; width:197px\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Circuit Breaker Time</span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top; width:209px\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Multiplying Factor</span></div>\n			</th>\n		</tr>\n	</thead>\n	<tbody>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:197px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; More than 8 cycles</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:209px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">1.0</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:197px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">5 cycles</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:209px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">1.1</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:197px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">3 cycles</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:209px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">1.2</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:197px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;2 cycles</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:209px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">1.4</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:197px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">1 cycle</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:209px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">1.6</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n	</tbody>\n</table>\n\n<ol start=\"3\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The instantaneous overcurrent relays and distance relays (in first zone) will overreach due to this d. c. offset. This will be discussed later.?</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">?</span></p>','','1','4.5.10',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 06:42:14','2021-04-26 12:12:14'),(278,78,'4.5.9 Application Example','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><u><strong>Example 4.5</strong>:</u> Figure 4.22 shows a single line diagram of power system network. The breaking capacity of breakers A is 1000 MVA. Find out:</span></p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">pu value of reactor.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">MVAR capacity of reactor.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Ohmic value of reactor.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The inductance of reactor</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The breaking capacity required for breakers B.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160639021616063902.jpg\" style=\"height:491px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Solution:</u></strong> Base MVA is selected as 100 MVA. Let us first draw reactance diagram as shown in figure 4.23.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160639251616063925.jpg\" style=\"height:491px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Source impedance is zero as transformer is connected to an infinite bus.</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Generator reactance,&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(X_g=\\frac{100}{50}\\times 0.12=0.24\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Transformer reactance =0.1 pu.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For a three-phase fault at F<sub>1</sub>, fault MVA = 1000 MVA, as circuit breakers A have breaking capacity 1000 MVA.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Referring to figure 4.24,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16160639511616063951.jpg\" style=\"height:491px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(X_{eq}=\\frac{0.12(a+0.1)}{a+0.12+0.1}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Fault MVA &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{100}{X_{eq}}=1000\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{.3in}\\frac{100(a+0.22)}{0.12(a+0.1)}=1000\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{.3in}\\)</span>100 a + 22 = 120 (a+0.1)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{.3in}\\)</span>20 a = 10</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{.3in}\\)</span>a = 0.5 pu.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The reactor of 0.5 pu (at 100 MVA base) is to be installed to limit the fault current for three-phase fault at F<sub>1</sub>.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now, <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\frac{(kV)^2}{MVA}\\times pu\\hspace{0.1cm}X=X_{ohm}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{.3in}\\)</span>&nbsp;Ohmic value of reactor <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{66^2}{100}\\times 0.5=21.78\\hspace{0.1cm}\\Omega\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">MVAR capacity of the reactor&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\sqrt3\\times kV\\times\\frac{kV}{\\sqrt3\\times 21.78}=\\frac{66^2}{21.78}=200\\hspace{0.1cm}MVAR\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">pu value of the reactor on its own base&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{200}{100}\\times 0.5=1.0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Inductance of the reactor &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{X}{2\\pi f}=\\frac{21.78}{2\\pi \\times 50}=0.0693\\)</span>&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Henry = 69.3 mH</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For a three-phase fault at F<sub>2</sub>,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(X_{eq}=\\frac{(0.12+0.5)\\times 0.1}{0.12+0.5+0.1}=0.08611\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp; Fault MVA&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{100}{0.08611}\\)</span>= 1161.29 MVA.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This means, the symmetrical breaking capacity to be specified while floating the tender should be 1250 MVA (rounded off). These are not just rounded off values, these are standard values also. In the text later the standard values will be listed.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>','','1','4.5.9',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-21 08:31:05','2021-04-21 14:01:05'),(279,78,'<p>4.6 Fault Current Calculations for Unsymmetrical (Unbalanced) Faults</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">L-L, L-g and L-L-g faults are unsymmetrical faults. When such faults occur in power system network, negative and zero sequence voltages and currents are produced. When negative sequence currents flow in the network, rotating magnetic field (RMF) is produced in all rotating machines (synchronous generators, synchronous motors and induction motors) which rotate at synchronous speed in reverse direction w. r. t. RMF produced by positive sequence currents. The physical rotor is always rotating in the same direction as RMF due to positive sequence currents. Slip due to positive RMF is zero in synchronous machines and about 4 % (0.04 pu) in induction motors. Hence, slip frequency eddy currents are nil in synchronous machines and negligible in induction machines. Therefore, there is no eddy current loss (or negligible loss) in rotor iron in all rotating machines under normal operating condition as there is only positive sequence current present. But slip frequency due to negative RMF (due to presence of negative sequence currents in case of unbalanced faults) is 200 % (196 % in case of induction motors) and hence large slip frequency eddy currents flow in rotor windings as well as rotor iron. Rotor of synchronous generators, as discussed, is not laminated and hence large eddy currents and large eddy current loss (eddy current loss is proportional to f<sup>2 </sup>and sf being 200 % or 100 Hz which gives rise to very large eddy current loss). This loss manifests in terms of heat and development of large temperature due to heat. This heat can make the rotor red hot if protective actions are not taken early. Also, if the temperature developed is more than withstand limit of the insulation used, the insulation of the rotor winding will be thermally damaged resulting in rotor earth fault.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">As a thumb rule, if heat produced by positive sequence current I<sub>1</sub> is H [proportional to (I<sub>1</sub>)<sup>2</sup>Rt], heat produced by equal magnitude of negative sequence current I<sub>2</sub> will be 6H. Thus, even if the fault current due to unsymmetrical fault is less than CMR of the equipment, it will be harmful to all rotating machines.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Zero sequence current is third harmonic current. Refer figure 4.33. It can be appreciated that the third harmonic or zero sequence currents (or voltages) are in phase. The hysteresis loss is proportional to frequency, f; but the eddy current loss is proportional to square of the frequency, f<sup>2</sup>. Hence large iron losses are produced because of zero sequence currents. The magnitude of zero sequence current may be less than that of fundamental (positive sequence) current, but as eddy current loss is proportional to f<sup>2</sup>, the heat produced will be quite high. Hence zero sequence currents are harmful to rotating machines and transformers as well.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16161527141616152714.jpg\" style=\"height:451px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Thus, when we will enter in power system protection, we will see that fault currents are usually larger than CMR of the equipment, but in certain cases, the fault currents are smaller than CMR of the equipment and yet they are harmful.</span></p>','','1','4.6','Fault Current Calculations for Unsymmetrical (Unbalanced) Faults','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-18 13:13:16','2021-11-03 15:18:35'),(280,78,'4.6.1 Line to Line Fault (L-L Fault)','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Let us consider Y-B fault. Referring to figure 4.34, </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16161538841616153884.jpg\" style=\"height:545px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">the conditions for Y-B fault are:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">I<sub>R</sub> = 0, I<sub>Y</sub> = -<sub> </sub>I<sub>B</sub>, V<sub>Y</sub> = V<sub>B</sub> + I<sub>Y</sub> Z<sub>f</sub>.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_0=\\frac{1}{3}(I_R+I_Y+I_B)=0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">V<sub>0</sub> = - I<sub>0</sub> Z<sub>0</sub> = 0</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Thus, zero sequence current and voltage are zero.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp; I<sub>Y</sub> = - I<sub>B</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(a^2I_1+aI_2=-(aI_1+a^2I_2)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}I_1(a^2+a)=-I_2(a^2+a)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}I_1=-I_2\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (EQ 4.21)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp; V<sub>Y</sub> = V<sub>B</sub> + I<sub>Y</sub> Z<sub>f</sub> </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(a^2\\hspace{0.1cm}V_1+a\\hspace{0.1cm}V_2=a\\hspace{0.1cm}V_1+a^2\\hspace{0.1cm}V_2+(a^2\\hspace{0.1cm}I_1+a\\hspace{0.1cm}I_2)Z_f\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(V_1(a^2-a)=V_2(a^2-a)+(a^2I_1-aI_1)Z_f\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">V<sub>1</sub> = V<sub>2</sub> + I<sub>1</sub> Z<sub>f</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (Eq 4.22)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For satisfying equations 4.21 and 4.22, sequence networks are to be connected as shown in figure 4.35.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16161539111616153911.jpg\" style=\"height:545px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">From figure 4.35,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_1=\\frac{E}{Z_1+Z_2+Z_f}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Z<sub>f</sub> is the arc resistance due to flashover between two conductors of different phases. Z<sub>f</sub> is resistive, hence we can write R<sub>f</sub> also.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_Y=-I_B=a^2I_1+aI_2=I_1(a^2-a)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{-j\\sqrt{3E}}{Z_1+Z_2+Z_f}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Z<sub>f</sub> (or R<sub>f</sub>) is quite small as only arc (flashover) resistance is involved. It can be 2 to 4 ohms.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>','','1','4.6.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 06:44:21','2021-04-26 12:14:21'),(281,78,'4.6.2 delta-Wye Transformer Between Source and a Fault','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">If delta-wye transformer (figure 4.36) is present between source and a fault (L-L-L-g, L-L-L, L-L, L-L-g or L-g), the relation between positive sequence currents on primary and secondary sides of a power transformer can be seen in figure 4.37.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16161542591616154259.jpg\" style=\"height:545px; width:800px\" /><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16161542781616154278.jpg\" style=\"height:545px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">By kirchoff&rsquo;s current law, it can be written as,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_{RL}=I_R-I_B\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_{YL}=I_Y-I_R\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_{BL}=I_B-I_Y\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Comparing primary and secondary line currents, secondary line current lead respective (say, R-phase) primary line current by 30<sup>0</sup>. This delta-wye connection is also known as DY-11 or 11 o&rsquo;clock connection. This 30<sup>0</sup> phase-shift is there in any kind of fault (or for that matter normal load currents also) i.e.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;L-L-L-g, L-L-g, L-L or L-g. While carrying out fault analysis, this phase-shift has to be considered. It was not mentioned in analysis of three phase fault because the three line currents after phase shift were yet balanced. The calculation shown was of magnitude of fault currents only.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">There is another kind of delta-wye connection also which is known as DY-1 connection. In this connection I<sub>r1</sub> will lag I<sub>RL1</sub>, hence there is -30<sup>0</sup> phase shift. Unless specifically mentioned, we will assume delta-wye connection to be DY-11.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The relation between negative sequence currents on both sides of a power transformer is different. This is shown in figure 4.38. Secondary line current, in this case, lag respective primary line current by 30<sup>0</sup>. </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16164835781616483578.jpg\" style=\"height:545px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For zero sequence values,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_{RL0}=I_{R0}-I_{B0}=0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Similarly, I<sub>YL0</sub> and I<sub>&shy;BL0</sub> are zero. This means that zero sequence currents which are present in star side are not reflected in delta side. Repeating the same sentence in different words, third harmonic currents present in wye side are not transformed to delta (source) side. Thus, third (and hence all triplen) harmonics are suppressed by delta-wye connection and damages to electrical equipment due to third harmonic currents (or voltages) is avoided. This is one important reason why delta-wye connected transformers are used in power systems.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;</span></p>','','1','4.6.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-21 11:09:50','2021-04-21 16:39:50'),(282,78,'4.6.3  Single line to Ground Fault (L-g Fault)','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Let us consider R-g fault (figure 4.39).</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16162247931616224793.jpg\" style=\"height:545px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The conditions for R-g fault are:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">I<sub>Y</sub> = 0, I<sub>B</sub> = 0, V<sub>R</sub> = I<sub>R</sub> Z<sub>f</sub> </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><em>a<sup>2</sup>I<sub>1</sub>+aI<sub>2</sub>+I<sub>0</sub>=aI<sub>1</sub>+a<sup>2</sup>I<sub>2</sub>+I<sub>0</sub>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</em>&nbsp;(as I<sub>Y</sub> =I<sub>B</sub>)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}I_1(a^2-a)=I_2(a^2-a)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}I_1=I_2\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now I<sub>Y</sub> = 0</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(a^2I_1+aI_2+I_0=0 \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}a^2I_1+aI_1+I_0=0 \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}I_1(-1)+I_0=0 \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}I_1=I_0 \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}I_1=I_2=I_0 \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}I_R=I_1+I_2+I_0=3I_1 \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}I_1=\\frac{I_R}{3}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(V_R=V_1+V_2+V_0=I_R\\hspace{0.1cm}Z_f=3I_1Z_f\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}I_1=\\frac{V_R}{3Z_f}=\\frac{V_1+V_2+V_0}{3Z_f}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">V<sub>1</sub> + V<sub>2</sub> + V<sub>0</sub> = I<sub>1 </sub>&times; 3Z<sub>f</sub></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">These relations between sequence quantities can be satisfied if sequence networks are drawn as shown in figure 4.40.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16162248221616224822.jpg\" style=\"height:545px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">From figure 4.40,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_1=I_2=I_0=\\frac{E}{Z_1+Z_2+Z_0+3Z_f}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">If deliberate impedance Z<sub>n</sub> is connected in the neutral circuit of power system network,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_1=I_2=I_0=\\frac{E}{Z_1+Z_2+Z_0+3Z_f+3Z_n}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This fault current can be quite small in magnitude. This is because, Z<sub>1</sub> =Z<sub>2</sub> (for transmission line), Z<sub>0</sub> is approximately four times Z<sub>1</sub> for long E. H. V. lines and Z<sub>f</sub> = Flashover resistance + Tower resistance + Tower footing resistance (soil resistance which is variable and very high in case of asphalt soils). Z<sub>f</sub> can be as high as 20-50 ohms.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_R=3I_1=\\frac{3E}{Z_1+Z_2+Z_0+3Z_f+3Z_n}\\)</span></span></p>','','1','4.6.3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 06:49:44','2021-04-26 12:19:44'),(283,78,'4.6.4 Comparison Between Single Line to Ground Fault and Three Phase Fault Currents','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Usually, power system reactance is much larger than its resistance. Therefore, we can write:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Z<sub>1</sub> = X<sub>1</sub>, Z<sub>2</sub> = X<sub>2,</sub> Z<sub>0</sub> = X<sub>0</sub>. And assuming Z<sub>f</sub> = R<sub>f</sub> = 0,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Magnitude of fault current for a three-phase fault,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_{LLL}=\\frac{E}{X_1} \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">And that for a single line to ground fault</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_{Lg}=\\frac{3E}{X_1+X_2+X_0+3X_n}\\)</span>&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">We have introduced pure reactor in the neutral circuit, which is usually the case.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now there are three possibilities:</span></p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Solidly grounded or effectively grounded system: X<sub>n</sub> = 0, X<sub>1</sub> = X<sub>2</sub> for all static electrical equipment (i.e., transformers and transmission lines). If we assume X<sub>1</sub> = X<sub>2</sub> for generators also, which is not much far from reality. X<sub>0</sub> &lt;&lt; X<sub>1</sub> for generators. Substituting these conditions,</span></p>\n\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_{Lg}=\\frac{3E}{2X_1}\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_{LLL}=\\frac{E}{X_1}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}I_{Lg}&gt;I_{LLL}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This means that a single line to ground fault at the terminals of a generator with solidly grounded neutral is more severe than a three-phase fault at the same location.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Non-effective grounding of neutral of the generator:</span></p>\n\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In this case,</span></p>\n\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_{Lg}=\\frac{3E}{2X_1+3X_n}\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;I<sub>LLL</sub> does not change as it does not depend upon X<sub>n</sub>.</span></p>\n\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For I<sub>LLL</sub> and I<sub>Lg</sub> to be equal,</span></p>\n\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\frac{3E}{2X_1+3X_n}=\\frac{E}{X_1}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}X_n=\\frac{X_1}{3}\\)</span></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">If <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(X_n&lt;\\frac{X_1}{3}\\)</span>, L-g fault is more severe than L-L-L-g fault and if <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(X_n&gt;\\frac{X_1}{3}\\)</span>, L-L-L-g fault is more severe than L-g fault. The probability of L-g fault is much more than that of L-L-L-g fault. Therefore, generators are usually grounded through very high impedance (reactance). The consequence of this high value of neutral reactance is high overvoltage as shown in figure 4.41. Neutral point (star point) is at zero potential under normal operating conditions. But when single line to ground fault (or double line to ground fault) occurs as shown in figure 4.41, neutral voltage is equal to I<sub>f</sub> X<sub>n</sub> w. r. t. ground. Therefore, voltage of R phase (Y phase and B phase also) w. r. t. ground,<img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16162247391616224739.jpg\" style=\"height:545px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">V<sub>Rg</sub> = V<sub>ph-n</sub> + I<sub>f</sub> X<sub>n</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(obviously, vectorially) </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Similarly, there will be overvoltage in Y and B phase also. If the neutral impedance is very large (Z<sub>n</sub> in case of 210 MW generators is of the order of 4000 ohms), the voltage of R, Y and B phases w. r. t. ground will be approximately line to line voltage of the generator. Therefore, line to line voltages V<sub>RY</sub>, V<sub>YB</sub> and V<sub>BR</sub> will be <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\sqrt3\\)</span>&nbsp;times normal line to line voltage of the generator.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This means that the insulation of the generator windings and generator connections to the generator transformer (GT) has to be designed to withstand high voltage. This adds a lot to the cost of generator. But as GT is 10-20 meters away from the generator and hence the increased insulation level is only for generator, connecting leads (bus duct) up to GT and GT primary, the high impedance grounding is preferred. In case of generator, limiting the magnitude of earth-fault currents assumes priority. </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In general, we can conclude that all low voltage and medium voltage (6.6 kV, 11 kV) systems are non-effectively grounded. Whereas, all high voltage (66 kV, 132 kV), extra high voltage (220 kV, 400 kV) and ultra high voltage (765 kV and beyond) systems are solidly grounded. If we use non-effective grounding for such systems, the insulation cost of line insulators for line lengths ranging from 50 km to 500 km will be exorbitantly high. The fault current for earth-faults in the vicinity of transformers will be high in this case, but sensitive and fast-acting earth-fault protection can relieve the transformer from damages.</span></p>\n\n<ol start=\"3\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For faults on transmission line away from source, as X<sub>0</sub> &gt;&gt;X<sub>1</sub>, I<sub>LLL</sub> &gt;&gt; I<sub>Lg</sub></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Therefore, the electrical equipments are relieved of high earth-fault currents (when earth-faults frequently occur) and damages due to that.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>','','1','4.6.4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 10:30:18','2021-04-28 16:00:18'),(284,78,'4.6.5 Double Line to Ground Fault','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Consider Y-B-g fault (figure 4.42). </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16164840251616484025.jpg\" style=\"height:675px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">conditions are:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I<sub>R</sub> =0, V<sub>Y</sub> = V<sub>B</sub> = (I<sub>Y</sub> + I<sub>B</sub>) Z<sub>f</sub>,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}\\)</span>I<sub>1</sub> + I<sub>2</sub> + I<sub>0</sub> = 0</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; V<sub>Y</sub> = V<sub>B</sub></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}a^2V_1+aV_2+V_0=aV_1+a^2V_2+V_0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}\\)</span>&nbsp;V<sub>1</sub> = V<sub>2</sub></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;V<sub>Y</sub> = (I<sub>Y</sub> + I<sub>B</sub>) Z<sub>f</sub> </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:12px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(a^2V_1+aV_2+V_0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=(a^2I_1+aI_2+I_0+aI_1+a^2I_2+I_0)Z_f\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}V_0-V_1=3I_0Z_f\\)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&hellip;&hellip;.as V<sub>1</sub> = V<sub>2</sub> and</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;I<sub>1</sub> + I<sub>2</sub> + I<sub>0</sub> = 0</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">These relations between sequence quantities are satisfied in figure 4.43.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16164840771616484077.jpg\" style=\"height:545px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">From figure 4.43,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_1=\\frac{E}{Z_1+\\frac{Z_2(Z_0+3Z_f)}{Z_2+Z_0+3Z_f}}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">I<sub>2</sub> and I<sub>0</sub> can be found from figure 4.43 or from figure 4.44 (circuit of figure 4.43 redrawn in a different way to understand). </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16162258811616225881.jpg\" style=\"height:460px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Then V<sub>1</sub>, V<sub>2</sub> and V<sub>0</sub> can be found and finally V<sub>R</sub>, V<sub>Y</sub>, V<sub>B</sub>, I<sub>R</sub>, I<sub>Y</sub> and I<sub>B</sub> can be calculated.</span></p>','','1','4.6.5',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 06:55:04','2021-04-26 12:25:04'),(285,78,'4.6.6 Application Example','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Example 4.6:</u></strong> Refer figure 4.45. We want to calculate fault currents for L-g and L-L faults at different buses. Also fault current fed by generator windings will be calculated. Moreover, voltages at fault point will be found out.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16162399151616239915.jpg\" style=\"height:665px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Sequence networks can be drawn as follows (figure 4.46, figure 4.47 and figure 4.48):</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16162399441616239944.jpg\" style=\"height:406px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16162399701616239970.jpg\" style=\"height:406px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16162400021616240002.jpg\" style=\"height:406px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Base MVA = 150 MVA.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Base kV = 132 kV.</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Base current&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{150\\times10^3}{\\sqrt3\\times132}=656\\hspace{0.1cm}amp \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">We assume, Z<sub>f</sub> = 0, X<sub>g1</sub> = X<sub>g2</sub></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For transformer and transmission lines, X<sub>1</sub> = X<sub>2</sub></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For transformer, we assume X<sub>T1</sub> = X<sub>T2</sub> = X<sub>T0</sub>&hellip;..(Not far from reality)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">And for transmission lines, Z<sub>0</sub> = 2Z<sub>1</sub>.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Zero sequence current is not reflected in primary side of delta-wye transformer. That is the reason why there is a discontinuity in figure 4.48.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Let us consider L-L fault at bus D. The pu values are calculated as follows:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_1=\\frac{1\\angle0^0}{2(0.069+j\\hspace{0.1cm}0.5875)}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{1\\angle0^0}{2(0.59\\angle83.30^0)}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=0.847\\angle-83.30^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_2=-I_1=0.847\\angle96.7^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_R=0\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_Y=-j\\sqrt{3I_1}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=1\\angle-90^0\\times 1.467\\angle-83.3^0\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=1.467\\angle-173.3^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_B=-I_Y=1.467\\angle6.7^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Fault current, &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\mid I_Y\\mid =\\mid I_B \\mid=1.467\\times656=962\\hspace{0.1cm}amp \\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The fault currents flowing in the generator windings will be:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_1=0.847\\angle -113.3^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span>&nbsp;as there will be -30<sup>0</sup> phase-shift.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Similarly,&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_2=0.847\\angle126.7^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span>, as there will be +30<sup>0</sup> phase-shift.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_R=I_1+I_2\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=0.847\\angle-113.3^0+0.847\\angle126.7^0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=0.85\\angle186.74^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_Y=a^2I_1+aI_2\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=(1\\angle240^0\\times0.847\\angle-113.3^0)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(+ (1\\angle120^0\\times0.847\\angle126.7^0)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=0.85\\angle186.74^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_B=aI_1+a^2I_2=1.7\\angle6.7^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Base current <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{150\\times10^3}{\\sqrt3\\times11}=7873\\hspace{0.1cm}amp\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;I<sub>R</sub> = 6692 amp.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I<sub>Y</sub> = 6692 amp.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I<sub>B</sub> = 13384 amp.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now for L-L fault at bus D, the voltage at fault point can be calculated.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(V_1=E-I_1Z_1\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=1\\angle0^0-0.847\\angle-83.3^0\\\\\\times0.59\\angle83.3^0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=0.5\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; V<sub>2</sub> = V<sub>1</sub> = 0.5 pu.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; V<sub>0</sub> = 0</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; V<sub>R</sub> = V<sub>1</sub> + V<sub>2</sub> + V<sub>0</sub> =1.0 pu</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{132KV}{\\sqrt3}\\)</span>=76.21 kV</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(V_Y=a^2V_1+aV_2=V_1(a^2+a)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=-V_1=-0.5\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=-38.1kV\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(V_B=-38.1kV\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now, we will write only final calculation for L-L fault on buses A, B, and C.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">I<sub>LL</sub> at bus C = 1088 amp</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">I<sub>LL</sub> at bus B = 1364 amp</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">I<sub>LL</sub> at bus A = 1818 amp</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Voltages at any point or at generator terminals for L-L fault at bus A, B, C or D can also be calculated. This exercise is left to the reader.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now let us calculate the fault current for line to ground fault (L-g) at bus D.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_1=I_2=I_0=\\frac{E}{Z_1+Z_2+Z_0}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Where&nbsp; Z<sub>1</sub> = 0.069 + j0.5875, Z<sub>2</sub> = 0.069 + j0.5875 and Z<sub>0</sub> = 0.138 + j0.65</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;Hence I<sub>1</sub> = I<sub>2</sub> = I<sub>0</sub> <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{1\\angle0^0}{0.276+j\\hspace{0.1cm}1.825}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{1\\angle0^0}{1.846\\angle 81.4^0}\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=0.5417\\angle-81.4^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_R=I_1+I_2+I_0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=1.625\\angle-81.4^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=1.625\\times656=1066\\hspace{0.1cm}amp\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;I<sub>Y</sub> = I<sub>B</sub> = 0</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The currents flowing in the windings of the generator for L-g fault at bus D can be calculated as follows:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_1=0.5417\\angle-111.4^0\\)</span>&nbsp;pu&hellip;&hellip;..(-30<sup>0</sup> phase-shift from wye to delta)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_2=0.5417\\angle-51.4^0\\)</span>&nbsp;pu&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;..(+30<sup>0</sup> phase-shift from wye to delta)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_0=0\\)</span>&nbsp;(as zero sequence currents are not reflected in delta side)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_R=I_1+I_2\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=(0.5417\\angle-111.4^0)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class=\"math-tex\">\\(+ (0.5417\\angle-51.4^0)\\)</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=0.9375\\angle-81.4^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=7380.94\\angle-81.4^0\\hspace{0.1cm}amp\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_Y=a^2I_1+aI_2\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(= (1\\angle240^0\\times0.5417\\angle-111.4^0)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(+(1\\angle120^0\\times0.5417\\angle-51.4^0)\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=0.9375\\angle98.6^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=7380.94\\angle98.6^0\\hspace{0.1cm}amp\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}I_R-I_Y\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(I_B=aI_1+a^2I_2\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=0.5417\\angle8.6^0+0.5417\\angle188.6^0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">=0</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Thus, L-g fault on star side of power transformer (delta-wye connected) is reflected on delta side as</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;L-L fault.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(V_1=E-I_1Z_1\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=1\\angle0^0-0.5417\\angle-81.4^0\\times0.59\\angle83.3^0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=0.6807\\angle-0.926^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(V_2=-I_2Z_2=0.5417\\angle98.6^0\\times0.59\\angle83.3^0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=0.3196\\angle181.9^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(V_0=-I_0Z_0=0.36\\angle176.6^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\dot{.\\hspace{0.045in}.}\\hspace{0.3cm}V_R=0\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(V_Y=a^2V_1+aV_2+V_0=0.994\\angle237^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"math-tex\">\\(=\\frac{132}{\\sqrt3}\\times0.994=78.75kV\\)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(V_B=1.05\\angle120^0\\hspace{0.1cm}pu=80.02\\hspace{0.1cm}kV\\)</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;It can be checked that V<sub>YB</sub> = 132 kV. (V<sub>YB</sub> = V<sub>Y</sub> - V<sub>B</sub>)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Similarly, Fault current for L-g fault at bus C = 1259 amp.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Fault current for L-g fault at bus B = 1732 amp.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fault current for L-g fault at bus A = 2714 amp.</span></p>','','1','4.6.6',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 06:58:22','2021-04-26 12:28:22'),(286,78,'Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">If fault current due to L-L-L-g fault is I<sub>LLLg</sub> and that due to triple line fault is I<sub>LLL</sub>,</span></p>','','1','4.1',NULL,'3','3','1','0','1','2021-04-18 14:04:53','2021-04-18 19:34:53'),(287,78,'Thermal damage to the electrical equipment occurs due to...','','multi','single','','','1','4.3',NULL,'2','3','1','0','1','2021-01-13 15:43:49','2021-01-13 15:43:49'),(288,78,'Double line fault can occur because of flashover across the line insulator.','','multi','single','','','1','4.2',NULL,'2','3','1','0','1','2021-01-13 15:46:48','2021-01-13 15:46:48'),(289,78,'The most frequently occurring faults are....','','multi','single','','','1','4.3',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-13 15:50:40','2021-01-13 15:50:40'),(290,78,'Maximum number of faults occurring in the power system are in...','','multi','single','','','1','4.3',NULL,'4','1','1','0','1','2021-01-13 15:53:49','2021-01-13 15:53:49'),(291,78,'Fault current calculations are required','','multi','single','','','1','4.4',NULL,'4','3,6','1','0','1','2021-01-13 15:57:13','2021-01-13 15:57:13'),(292,78,'Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">If Z<sub>1</sub> = equivalent impedance of transformer referred to primary in pu, Z<sub>2</sub> = equivalent impedance of transformer referred to secondary in pu and V<sub>2</sub>/V<sub>1</sub> = K (voltage ratio of transformer),</span></p>','','1','4.5.2',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2021-04-28 10:42:32','2021-04-28 16:12:32'),(293,78,'In case of transmission line, when fault occurs,','','multi','single','','','1','4.6.1',NULL,'1','3,6','1','0','1','2021-03-25 05:13:05','2021-03-25 10:43:05'),(294,78,'Refer figure 4.29. Fault current for a three-phase fault at bus E is...','','multi','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163047221616304722.jpg','','1','4.5.4',NULL,'3','4,7','1','0','1','2021-03-21 05:32:02','2021-03-21 11:02:02'),(295,78,'Refer figure 4.29. Fault current for a triple line fault at bus D is','','multi','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163047791616304779.jpg','','1','4.5.4',NULL,'2','4,7','1','0','1','2021-03-21 05:32:59','2021-03-21 11:02:59'),(296,78,'Refer figure 4.29. Fault current for a triple line fault at bus A is','','multi','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163048171616304817.jpg','','1','4.5.4',NULL,'1','4,7','1','0','1','2021-03-21 05:33:37','2021-03-21 11:03:37'),(297,78,'Refer figure 4.29. At night, the load is less. One gas turbine power plant unit 4 is shut down and disconnected from bus. Three phase fault current, now, for a bus fault at bus B is','','multi','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163048751616304875.jpg','','1','4.5.4',NULL,'4','4,7','1','0','1','2021-03-21 05:34:35','2021-03-21 11:04:35'),(298,78,'Refer figure 4.30. Fault current for a triple line fault at 6.6 kV bus is...','','multi','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163049211616304921.jpg','','1','4.5.5',NULL,'2','4,7','1','0','1','2021-03-21 05:35:21','2021-03-21 11:05:21'),(299,78,'Refer figure 4.30. For a three-phase fault at 415 V bus, the fault current will','','multi','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163049681616304968.jpg','','1','4.5.5',NULL,'3','4,7','1','0','1','2021-03-21 05:36:08','2021-03-21 11:06:08'),(300,78,'Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Refer figure 4.30. </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163051171616305117.jpg\" style=\"height:397px; width:500px\" /></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The dynamic current for CT<sub>2</sub> to be specified is...</span></p>','','1','4.5.10',NULL,'4','4,6,7','1','0','1','2021-04-18 14:05:58','2021-04-18 19:35:58'),(301,78,'Refer figure 4.31. The symmetrical breaking capacity of breakers B has to be equal to','','multi','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163051851616305185.jpg','','1','4.5.6',NULL,'4','4,7','1','0','1','2021-03-21 05:39:45','2021-03-21 11:09:45'),(302,78,'Refer to the media and select an answer.MVAR rating required for fault limiting reactor is....','','multi','html','<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\">Refer figure 4.32. </span><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163054931616305493.jpg\" style=\"height:422px; width:500px\" /><span style=\"font-size:11pt\">Data for figure 4.32:</span></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Generators 1, 2, 3: 11 kV, 120 MW, 0.85 pf,X&#39;<sub>d&nbsp;</sub>=0.2 pu</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Generator Transformers: 11/132 kV, 150 MVA, %X =14%.</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Symmetrical breaking capacity of breakers A = 1000 MVA.</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Generators 1 and 2 with their GTs were connected to 132 kV bus. After 10 years, generator 3 with its GT is added. </span></p>','','1','4.5.9',NULL,'1','4,6,7','1','0','1','2021-04-18 14:07:39','2021-04-18 19:37:39'),(303,78,'Referring to figure 4.32, if the provision of reactor is not made, the breaking capacity required for all breakers A and B (with generating plants 1, 2 and 3) would have been...','','multi','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163055751616305575.jpg','','1','4.5.9',NULL,'3','4,6,7','1','0','1','2021-03-21 05:46:15','2021-03-21 11:16:15'),(304,78,'There are no zero sequence fault currents when the fault is...','','multi','single','','','1','4.6.1',NULL,'2','6,7','1','0','1','2021-01-14 15:30:35','2021-01-14 15:30:35'),(305,78,'The method of neutral grounding affects','','multi','single','','','1','4.6.4',NULL,'3','6,7','1','0','1','2021-01-14 15:32:46','2021-01-14 15:32:46'),(306,78,'The positive sequence voltage at fault point is zero in case of...','','multi','single','','','1','4.5.3',NULL,'1','6,7','1','0','1','2021-01-14 15:34:49','2021-01-14 15:34:49'),(307,78,'If the transmission line is transposed properly,','','multi','html','','','1','4.6.4',NULL,'3','6,7','1','1','1','2021-04-28 10:42:01','2021-04-28 16:12:01'),(308,78,'Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For which fault, out of the faults given below, I<sub>1</sub> = I<sub>2</sub> = I<sub>0</sub>?</span></p>','','1','4.6.3',NULL,'4','6,7','1','0','1','2021-04-18 14:05:18','2021-04-18 19:35:18'),(309,78,'The zero-sequence current will flow through a transmission line when there is...','','multi','single','','','1','4.6.5',NULL,'4','6,7','1','0','1','2021-01-14 15:42:59','2021-01-14 15:42:59'),(310,78,'Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For a single line to ground fault if I<sub>0</sub> = 2.2 pu, the current flowing in the neutral circuit of power system network will be</span></p>','','1','4.6.3',NULL,'1','6,7','1','0','1','2021-04-18 14:06:41','2021-04-18 19:36:41'),(311,78,'If zero sequence current is zero for a fault in power system network, the kind of fault is...','','multi','single','','','1','4.6.1',NULL,'3','6,7','1','0','1','2021-01-14 15:47:19','2021-01-14 15:47:19'),(312,78,'If the asymmetrical fault occurs in power system network, the fault current less than the CMR of any equipment of the system can be dangerous.','','multi','single','','','1','4.6',NULL,'1','3,6','1','0','1','2021-01-14 15:49:23','2021-01-14 15:49:23'),(313,78,'Slip frequency of the eddy currents generated in the rotor iron of a synchronous generator due to NPS currents flowing in the stator of the generator (system frequency is 50 Hz) is...','','multi','single','','','1','4.6',NULL,'4','6,7','1','0','1','2021-01-14 15:51:58','2021-01-14 15:51:58'),(314,78,'If there is a single line to ground fault in secondary of YY0 power transformer, zero sequence currents are not transformed/reflected in primary of the transformer.','','multi','single','','','1','4.6.2',NULL,'2','3,6','1','0','1','2021-01-14 15:53:44','2021-01-14 15:53:44'),(315,78,'Refer to the media and select an answer.The fault current for L-L fault at bus D is...','','multi','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Refer figure 4.12. </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163038581616303858.jpg\" style=\"height:327px; width:500px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">100 MVA and 50 MVA transformers are DY11 and star point solidly grounded for both. For both transformers, Z<sub>1</sub> = Z<sub>2</sub> = Z<sub>0</sub>. For 132 kV line, Z<sub>0</sub> = 2Z<sub>1</sub> and for 66 kV line Z<sub>0</sub> = 1.5 Z<sub>1</sub>. Z<sub>f</sub> is assumed to be zero.</span></p>','','1','4.6.6',NULL,'1','4,7','1','0','1','2021-04-18 14:10:52','2021-04-18 19:40:52'),(316,78,'Refer to the media andselect an answer. The fault current for L-L fault at bus C is...','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Refer figure 4.12.</span></p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163038581616303858.jpg\" style=\"height:327px; width:500px\" /></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">100 MVA and 50 MVA transformers are DY11 and star point solidly grounded for both. For both transformers, Z<sub>1</sub> = Z<sub>2</sub> = Z<sub>0</sub>. For 132 kV line, Z<sub>0</sub> = 2Z<sub>1</sub> and for 66 kV line Z<sub>0</sub> = 1.5 Z<sub>1</sub>. Z<sub>f</sub> is assumed to be zero.</span></p>','','1','4.6.6',NULL,'3','4,7','1','0','1','2021-04-18 14:10:15','2021-04-18 19:40:15'),(317,78,'Refer to the media and select an answer. The fault current for L-L fault at bus B is','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Refer figure 4.12.</span></p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163038581616303858.jpg\" style=\"height:327px; width:500px\" /></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">100 MVA and 50 MVA transformers are DY11 and star point solidly grounded for both. For both transformers, Z<sub>1</sub> = Z<sub>2</sub> = Z<sub>0</sub>. For 132 kV line, Z<sub>0</sub> = 2Z<sub>1</sub> and for 66 kV line Z<sub>0</sub> = 1.5 Z<sub>1</sub>. Z<sub>f</sub> is assumed to be zero.</span></p>','','1','4.6.6',NULL,'4','4,7','1','0','1','2021-04-18 14:09:31','2021-04-18 19:39:31'),(318,78,'Refer to the media and select an answer. The fault current for L-L fault at bus A is...','','multi','html','<p>Refer figure 4.12.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163038581616303858.jpg\" style=\"height:327px; width:500px\" /></p>\n\n<p>100 MVA and 50 MVA transformers are DY11 and star point solidly grounded for both. For both transformers, Z<sub>1</sub> = Z<sub>2</sub> = Z<sub>0</sub>. For 132 kV line, Z<sub>0</sub> = 2Z<sub>1</sub> and for 66 kV line Z<sub>0</sub> = 1.5 Z<sub>1</sub>. Z<sub>f</sub> is assumed to be zero.</p>','','1','4.6.6',NULL,'2','4,7','1','0','1','2021-03-21 05:24:28','2021-03-21 10:54:28'),(319,78,'Refer to the media and select an answer. The fault current in B phase lines of 132 kV line for Y-B fault at bus D is...','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Refer figure 4.12.</span></p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163038581616303858.jpg\" style=\"height:327px; width:500px\" /></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">100 MVA and 50 MVA transformers are DY11 and star point solidly grounded for both. For both transformers, Z<sub>1</sub> = Z<sub>2</sub> = Z<sub>0</sub>. For 132 kV line, Z<sub>0</sub> = 2Z<sub>1</sub> and for 66 kV line Z<sub>0</sub> = 1.5 Z<sub>1</sub>. Z<sub>f</sub> is assumed to be zero.</span></p>','','1','4.6.6',NULL,'1','4,6,7','1','0','1','2021-04-18 14:11:35','2021-04-18 19:41:35'),(320,78,'Refer to the media and select an answer. The fault current for L-g fault at bus D is ...','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Refer figure 4.12.</span></p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163038581616303858.jpg\" style=\"height:327px; width:500px\" /></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">100 MVA and 50 MVA transformers are DY11 and star point solidly grounded for both. For both transformers, Z<sub>1</sub> = Z<sub>2</sub> = Z<sub>0</sub>. For 132 kV line, Z<sub>0</sub> = 2Z<sub>1</sub> and for 66 kV line Z<sub>0</sub> = 1.5 Z<sub>1</sub>. Z<sub>f</sub> is assumed to be zero.</span></p>','','1','4.6.6',NULL,'4','4,7','1','0','1','2021-04-18 14:08:25','2021-04-18 19:38:25'),(321,78,'11 kV, 500 MVA (breaking capacity) breaker is damaged in a substation and hence sent to manufacturer for repairs. One 66 kV, 500 MVA breaker is available in store department as spare. Will you recommend to use this breaker to replace the damaged 11 kV breaker?','','multi','single','','','1','4.5.3',NULL,'2','4,6,8','1','0','1','2021-03-21 05:27:53','2021-03-21 10:57:53'),(322,78,'<p>5 Substations</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">As already discussed, voltage of transmission is a function of the amount of power to be transmitted and the distance to which this power is required to be transmitted. This voltage is &nbsp;optimum and is an economical choice. Hence, there will be different voltages of transmission and distribution used from source to final consumer. Hence at source, voltage is stepped up and further towards distribution end, stepped down. This requires power transformers to be installed at many locations from source to load. This requires substations. Also, a power system is an interconnected network in which there are many nodes. These nodes are known as substations. </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In this substation, many (two or more than two) transmission lines are incoming and many lines are outgoing. Voltage is stepped up or stepped down. Measurement of current, voltage, power and other electrical quantities is required. The equipment protections require protective gear. Hence there are many equipments in the substation. Substation design and project engineering is a subject by itself and shall be offered as a separate module, but we will have a bird&#39;s eye view of a substation. </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The equipment in a substation and their functions in brief are enlisted below. The relative locations of these equipment can be well appreciated in the single line diagram of figure 5.1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </span><span style=\"font-size:16px\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163216051616321605.jpg\" style=\"float:left; height:1102px; width:600px\" /></span></p>','','1','5','Substations','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 10:30:54','2021-11-03 15:19:42'),(323,78,'<p>5.1 Outdoor Equipment</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">We will give a very short treatise to different outdoor equipment of the substation. Detailed treatment can be given in a separate module of Substation Design and Practices.</span></p>','','1','5.1','Outdoor Equipment','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-22 08:52:07','2021-11-03 15:20:37'),(324,78,'5.1.1 Lightning Arresters (L.A.)','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163217831616321783.jpg\" style=\"height:513px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In monsoon season, there is lightning. The high frequency overvoltages are developed due to lightning. A typical wave shape of this overvoltage is shown in figure 5.2. The peak of this overvoltage can be as high as 1000 kV in the worst case. This wave of lightning overvoltage travels over transmission Line (from wherever it is incident) as a travelling wave and will reach a substation or a power station. The insulation of the electrical equipment will be intrinsically damaged by this overvoltage which is rising to its peak value within a very short time (typically 1.2 microsecond).</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">High frequency overvoltages are developed by switching actions also. Switching off or ON is inevitable in any power system either manually or automatically by operation of protective gear. These overvoltages also travel over a line, reach the substation and can damage the insulation of the equipment. </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Lightning arresters are provided to protect the electrical equipment of a substation against overvoltages mentioned above. Lightning arrester (or Surge arrester) diverts (hence the name Surge diverter also) the energy of the overvoltage to ground, thereby reducing the peak of overvoltage. The action is so fast (5 to 10 milliseconds) that, however grounding the energy is a ground fault, protective relay does not operate so fast. LA is the first equipment at the entry of the transmission line in a substation.</span></p>','','1','5.1.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-22 08:52:59','2021-04-22 14:22:59'),(325,78,'5.1.2 Earthing Switches','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Whenever any sustained fault occurs in a transmission line, so often the disc of suspension insulator is required to be replaced or some repair is required to be carried out. Also, the scheduled maintenance requires the line to be made off. But we do not know the instant of the voltage waveshape at which the breaker was switched off. The transmission line will be charged by the voltage at the instant of switching off. This charge will, however, exponentially decay, but it takes long time as the d. c. resistance of line insulators is in terms of Megaohms.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Hence it is necessary to discharge the trapped charges in the capacitance of the transmission line. This is done by an earthing switch. After making a breaker off (or after the breaker opens due to signal received by a protective relay), an associated earthing switch is to be manually switched ON. Earthing switches on both sides of a transmission line are to be switched ON as a usual practice to discharge the trapped charges in the line.</span></p>','','1','5.1.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-22 08:57:14','2021-04-22 14:27:14'),(326,78,'5.1.3 Isolators','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Isolators are off load operating switches. They are provided on both sides of an associated breaker. When any maintenance of the breaker (cleaning of contacts, adjusting spring pressure etc.) is required to be carried out, the breaker will be made off. Referring to figure 5.1, it can be appreciated that the fixed contacts of breaker are yet live even after opening it. Hence maintenance of the breaker is possible only after opening the isolators. </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163219011616321901.jpg\" style=\"height:918px; width:500px\" /></p>','','1','5.1.3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-18 13:35:05','2021-04-18 19:05:05'),(327,78,'5.1.4  Circuit Breakers','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Circuit breakers are on-load switches. The functions of a circuit breaker are:</span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">To carry full load rated current with minimal millivolt drop across contacts of the breaker.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">To safely interrupt the rated current and the fault current at very low power factor without being damaged.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This is to introduce a circuit breaker. There are many more functions and details of a circuit breaker, which will be dealt with little later.</span></p>','','1','5.1.4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-22 08:59:13','2021-04-22 14:29:13'),(328,78,'5.1.5 Current Transformers','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Current flowing through transmission lines ranges from100 amp to 1000 amp under normal operating conditions. This current is required to be measured. Also, it is required to measure power, energy, kVAR (MVAR) etc. No measuring instrument can handle this large current. Hence this current is stepped down to appropriate value (1 amp or 5 amp) which can be conveniently and safely measured by measuring instruments. </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Moreover, when fault occurs in the power system, it is sensed by the protective relays, the relay will operate, give signal to the breaker which will interrupt the fault current to protect the power system. This fault current is required to be stepped down [as it is 3 to 10 times (or even more) the CMR (Continuous Maximum Rating)] to a value which a protective relay can handle.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This stepping down of the current is carried out by the current transformer. These current transformers have single primary winding but 2, 3, 4, 5 or more (according to requirement) number of cores and secondary windings to feed to measuring instruments and protective relays. The core requirement for measurement and different protections are different. Hence, multicore C. T.s as shown in figure 5.1 are used.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16194205811619420581.jpg\" style=\"height:1469px; width:800px\" /></span></p>','','1','5.1.5',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 07:03:22','2021-04-26 12:33:22'),(329,78,'5.1.6  Potential Transformers','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">As currents in power system are large, voltages are also high (11 kV, 66 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV etc.). These voltages are to be stepped down to a value (110 V) which can be fed to measuring instruments and protective relays. There are as many C.T.s required as are the number of transmission lines emanating from the substation. But in case of potential transformers, one P. T. per bus is required.</span></p>','','1','5.1.6',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-22 09:01:32','2021-04-22 14:31:32'),(330,78,'5.1.7 Busbars','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Busbar is a node to which feeders or transmission lines are connected. Busbar is an ACSR conductor of suitable cross-section to meet the total load of all feeders connected to it.</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Busbar Arrangements: </strong></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Different busbar arrangements used in practice are as follows:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Single Busbar Arrangement:</u> </strong>Refer figure 5.3.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16164847331616484733.jpg\" style=\"height:694px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Advantages: </u></strong></span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Most economical arrangement.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The arrangement occupies less floor space.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Simple arrangement</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h1 style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</h1>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Disadvantages: </u></strong></span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">There is no flexibility offered. If there is a bus fault, there will be complete dark out for the substation. No power can be fed to any consumer from that substation where there is a bus fault.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In case of bus fault, fault current will be fed to the fault by all transmission lines connected to that bus. This situation may lead to wide-spread instability of the power system if bus fault is not cleared fast. In the worst case, there can be cascaded tripping resulting in complete dark out of the grid.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Long down time (interruption time) in case of bus fault and related repairs.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In case of maintenance of a circuit breaker, the concerned transmission line is required to be interrupted.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In case of busbar maintenance, complete shut-down of substation is required.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol start=\"2\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Single Bus Arrangement with Sectionalizing Isolator:</u></strong></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Such an arrangement is used for 11 kV busbars. Sectionalizing isolator is normally closed. Refer figure 5.4.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163221321616322132.jpg\" style=\"height:695px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:44px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>&nbsp;<u>&nbsp;Advantages: </u></strong></span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The arrangement occupies less floor space.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Yet a simple scheme.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Some flexibility added w. r. t. the preceding arrangement. If there is a bus fault on the left side of the sectionalizing isolator, initially all the breakers of the bus will trip; but immediately afterwards, the sectionalizing isolator is opened and power feed from right side of the bus can be resumed by manually closing the breakers on that side.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In case of busbar maintenance, all the breakers are required to be opened; but following this operation, sectionalizing isolator can be opened. Then, power feed can be resumed for half of the bus. Bus maintenance can be carried out on remnant half. If it is properly planned, the bus maintenance of the whole bus can be done.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:44px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:44px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>&nbsp;<u>Disadvantages:</u></strong> </span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Cost of three sectionalizing isolators (for three phases) is added w. r. t. preceding arrangement. But isolators are not very costly.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">There is no guarantee of power system stability as in preceding case as sectionalizing isolators cannot interrupt fault current. Hence all breakers will trip threatening system stability.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Long down time in case of bus fault (obviously for half the bus).</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In case of maintenance of a circuit breaker, the concerned transmission line is required to be interrupted.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol start=\"3\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Single Busbar Arrangement with Sectionalizing Breaker:</u></strong></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This is used for 66 kV buses and sometimes (in the old installations) for 132 kV buses too. The sectionalizing breaker is normally closed. The arrangement is shown in single line diagram of figure 5.5.<u> </u></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163230751616323075.jpg\" style=\"height:685px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong> <u>Features of the scheme:</u></strong> </span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">More flexibility than arrangement number 2. In case of bus fault (say, left half), breakers 1, 3, 4 and sectionalizing breaker will trip. Breakers 2, 5 and 6 will not trip. Hence, there will be no interruption of power feed from other half of the bus even for a moment. Hence power system stability is also partially guaranteed.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Busbar maintenance can be done in a scheduled mode as in case of earlier arrangement. For maintenance, sectionalizing breaker and other breakers in the portion to be maintained can be made off. The remnant half will remain live without any interruption of power.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Cost of six isolating switches and one h. v. circuit breaker results in more costly arrangement than preceding scheme.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">One bay (that for sectionalizing breaker as shown in figure 5.5) is added, hence the arrangement occupies little more space than single bus scheme.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The arrangement is not so simple as it looks because the bus protection scheme is little complicated.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Long down time in case of bus fault (for partial bus).</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In case of maintenance of a circuit breaker, the concerned transmission line is required to be interrupted.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">However, it seems that there are more demerits than merits, the arrangement is superior to the earlier ones as the improved flexibility and partial guarantee of power system stability are much more important. The chief demerit is only little more cost of equipment, land and protection.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol start=\"4\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Double Bus Arrangement: </u></strong></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In this scheme, two sets of busbars are used (main bus I and main bus II). Both are usually identical. Also, it is a general practice that approximately half the power is transferred through bus I and the other half through bus II. New installations of 132 kV bus and exclusively all 220 kV bus installations use double bus arrangement. The single line diagram of this kind of bus arrangement is shown in figure 5.6.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163222131616322213.jpg\" style=\"height:938px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>The Status of Breakers and Isolating Switches under Normal Operating Conditions:</u></strong></span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2, </sub>B<sub>3, </sub>B<sub>4</sub> are closed.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">I<sub>1</sub> to I<sub>8</sub> are closed.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">BPI<sub>1</sub> to BPI<sub>4</sub> are open.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">BC is closed.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">BCI<sub>1</sub>, BCI<sub>2</sub> are closed.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">BSI<sub>1</sub>, BSI<sub>3</sub> are closed.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">BSI<sub>6</sub>, BSI<sub>8</sub> are closed.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">BSI<sub>2</sub>, BSI<sub>4</sub> are open.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">BSI<sub>5</sub>, BSI<sub>7</sub> are open.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The direction of power(current) flow shown in figure 5.6 is typical. Such substations are a part of interconnected network. Hence direction of power flow depends upon generating conditions (how many generators are operating) and load conditions. On both sides (incomer as shown in figure 5.6 and outgoing feeders as shown) there are generators (may be far from the substation or just at the station) and load.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now, we will discuss the sequence of operation of the breakers and isolators in case of different conditions depicted below:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol start=\"1\" style=\"list-style-type:upper-alpha\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Maintenance of main breaker I:</u></strong></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Close BSI<sub>2</sub>.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Close BSI<sub>4</sub>.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Open BSI<sub>1</sub> and BSI<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">These isolator operations could be carried out on-load because when closing (before closing) BSI<sub>2</sub> (and hence BSI<sub>4</sub> too), the potential difference across its poles was zero. If this potential difference is high (system voltage), only off-load operation is possible. This is because there is no arc-quenching facility in the isolators. Similarly, after closing BSI<sub>2</sub>, while opening (after opening) BSI<sub>1</sub> (and for that matter BSI<sub>3</sub> also), the potential difference across poles of BSI<sub>1</sub> is zero.</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Make BC off.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Open isolators BCI<sub>1</sub> and BCI<sub>2</sub></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now bus I is evacuated and can be maintained. There will be no interruption or discontinuity of power fed to consumers. The procedure depicted at A above is a sequence and cannot be altered.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol start=\"2\" style=\"list-style-type:upper-alpha\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>There is a bus fault on main bus I:</u> </strong></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">All breakers B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, B<sub>3</sub> and B<sub>4</sub> will trip due to operation of buszone protection. The power interruption will occur till the switching operation is done. However, it is not required to wait till the fault rectification is done on bus I if it is a sustained fault. Power flow can be shifted to bus II. But switching operations will take few (5 to 10) minutes and hence power system stability cannot be guaranteed.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Following switching operations (considering normal operation as original) are to be carried out.</span></p>\n\n<ul style=\"list-style-type:disc\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Close BSI<sub>2</sub> and BSI<sub>4</sub>.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Open BSI<sub>1</sub> and BSI<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Make BC off.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Open BCI<sub>1</sub> and BCI<sub>2</sub>.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now make B<sub>1</sub> to B<sub>4</sub> ON.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now power is transferred to main bus II. Once the fault is rectified, original situation can be restored. If, during the time of rectification and repairs on bus I, bus II cannot handle total power, some load shedding is required.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol start=\"3\" style=\"list-style-type:upper-alpha\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Maintenance of Breaker (say, B<sub>1</sub>):</u></strong></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Following is the sequence of operation:</span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Close BSI<sub>2</sub>.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Open BSI<sub>1</sub>.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Close BPI<sub>1</sub>.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This could be done as potential difference across poles of BPI<sub>1</sub> was zero.</span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Close BSI<sub>5</sub>, Open BSI<sub>6</sub>.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Close BSI<sub>7</sub>, Open BSI<sub>8</sub>.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Make B<sub>1</sub> off.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Open I<sub>1</sub>, I<sub>2</sub>.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Change the selector switch to position &ldquo;b&ldquo; in d. c. control circuit (figure 5.7).</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now breaker B<sub>1</sub> can be maintained without interrupting power in incomer 1. Now if there is a fault in incomer 1, the fault current paths are as follows:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n	<ul>\n		<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n		<ul>\n			<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n			<ul>\n				<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n				<ul>\n					<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n					<ul>\n						<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n						<p>&nbsp;</p>\n						</li>\n					</ul>\n					</li>\n				</ul>\n				</li>\n			</ul>\n			</li>\n		</ul>\n		</li>\n	</ul>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">From line 3:</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">B<sub>3</sub>- BSI<sub>3</sub>- BC- BSI<sub>2</sub>- BPI<sub>1</sub>- Fault in incomer 1.</span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n	<ul>\n		<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n		<ul>\n			<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n			<ul>\n				<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n				<ul>\n					<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n					<ul>\n						<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n						<p>&nbsp;</p>\n						</li>\n					</ul>\n					</li>\n				</ul>\n				</li>\n			</ul>\n			</li>\n		</ul>\n		</li>\n	</ul>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">From line 4:</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">B<sub>4</sub>- BSI<sub>7</sub>- BC- BSI<sub>2</sub> -BPI<sub>1</sub>- Fault in incomer 1.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">From incomer 2:</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">B<sub>2</sub>- BSI<sub>5</sub>- BC- BSI<sub>2</sub>- BPI<sub>1</sub>- Fault in incomer 1</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Thus, fault current is passing through bus coupler. Also, referring to figure 5.7, closing of relay contact of protective relay for incomer 1, auxiliary tripping relay will operate which will trip bus coupler and not breaker 1 (breaker 1 is already under maintenance) as selector switch (which is located in control room) is at position &ldquo;b&rdquo; (which normally was at position &ldquo;a&rdquo;). Thus, function of breaker is done by bus coupler and protection (isolation of faulty part from healthy system) is taken care of. However, bus coupler can replace only one breaker and therefore breaker maintenance of only one breaker at a time can be done.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16194394241619439424.jpg\" style=\"height:1060px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">At many installations, failures of by-pass isolators were reported. Hence practice of providing such isolators is discontinued at many installations. In this case, maintenance of breaker cannot be done without power interruption in concerned line.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Now, let us summarize quickly, the features of this arrangement:</span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Very costly arrangement.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Large floor space required.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Sequence of operation of isolators and breakers and bus protection scheme are very complex.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Hundred percent flexibility. No discontinuity of power to consumers during bus maintenance. Power interruption only for few minutes in case of bus fault.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Power system stability is not guaranteed in case of bus fault.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Very short down time in case of bus fault.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Breaker can be maintained without interrupting power flowing in the transmission line.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol start=\"5\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>One and A Half Breaker Arrangement:</u></strong></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Figure 5.8 shows a single line diagram of the bus arrangement. There are two buses as in double bus scheme. There is no bus coupler. There are three breakers (say B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub> and B<sub>3</sub>) for two lines (say line 1 and line 2). Thus, there are one and a half breaker for a line. That is the reason why the scheme is named as one and a half breaker scheme.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Such an arrangement of bus is very costly and is used for all 400 kV busbar installations and bus installations beyond 400 kV (765 kV and 1200 kV).</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">All breakers and isolators in figure 5.8 are ON under normal service conditions.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163223351616322335.jpg\" style=\"height:1135px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u>Features of the scheme: </u></strong></span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Very costly scheme.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The horizontal clearance (due to many isolators) in 400 kV (and beyond) will be very large. This would require large floor space. Hence in such a system, pantograph type isolators (figure 5.9) are used where there are vertical clearances and hence smaller floor space.<img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163231911616323191.jpg\" style=\"height:478px; width:800px\" /></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The arrangement is very complex and bus protection scheme is also very complex.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Highly flexible scheme. There are multiple routes of power flow. In case of bus maintenance of (say) bus I, just switch off breakers B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>4</sub>, and B<sub>7</sub> and open isolators I<sub>1</sub>, I<sub>2</sub>, I<sub>7</sub>, I<sub>8</sub>, I<sub>13</sub>, I<sub>14</sub>. There is no discontinuity of power flow. There is neither any discontinuity of power due to fault on bus (say) I, as breakers B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>4</sub> and B<sub>7</sub> will be tripped by buszone protection scheme.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Power system stability is fully guaranteed as the bus fault does not result in any power interruption. If a single bus cannot handle total power delivered, some load shedding may be required.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">There is no problem of down time due to fault rectification and repairs.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Breakers can be maintained without interrupting power flowing in the transmission line. More than one breaker can be maintained simultaneously. </span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>','','1','5.1.7',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 12:17:24','2021-04-26 17:47:24'),(331,78,'<p>5.2 Indoor Equipment</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">We will, now, have a bird&rsquo;s eye-view on the indoor equipment required in the substation.</span></p>','','1','5.2','Indoor Equipment','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-22 10:32:36','2021-11-03 15:21:10'),(332,78,'5.2.1 Draw-out Type Switchgear','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">These are indoor circuit breakers which can be drawn out of the control panel after switching off a breaker. Hence no isolators are required.</span></p>','','1','5.2.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-18 13:58:26','2021-04-18 19:28:26'),(333,78,'5.2.2 Measuring Instruments','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">These are ammeters, voltmeters, watt meters, VARh meters etc.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>','','1','5.2.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-18 13:59:04','2021-04-18 19:29:04'),(334,78,'5.2.3 Protective Relays','','single','html','<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Directional Overcurrent and Earth-fault Relays (67, 67N)</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Non-directional Time-delayed Overcurrent Relays (51, 51N)</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Differential Relays (87)</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Buszone relays are not shown in figure 5.1. usually, 11 kV and 66 kV buses are not provided with buszone protection because of economic reasons to be discussed later. But for 132 kV buses and beyond 132 kV, buszone protection will be provided.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16194207621619420762.jpg\" style=\"height:1469px; width:800px\" />???????</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>','','1','5.2.3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 07:06:21','2021-04-26 12:36:21'),(335,78,'5.2.4 Control Panels','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Following control panels are there in a typical control room:</strong></span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">One control panel for each incomer.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">One control panel for each outgoing feeder.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">One control panel for each power transformer.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">One control panel for OLTC (On-load Tap Changer) of each transformer.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">If there are 2 incomers, 4 outgoing feeders and 2 power transformers in a substation,</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Number of panels for these purposes will be 10.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Other panels required are:</strong></span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">One panel for sectionalizing breaker or bus coupler.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">One high voltage bus P. T. panel.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">One low voltage bus P. T. panel.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">One panel for battery charger.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">One rectifier panel.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">One panel for shunt capacitors.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>','','1','5.2.4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-22 10:36:17','2021-04-22 16:06:17'),(336,78,'5.2.5 Rectifier','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Control supply for controlling (making ON and OFF) breakers and isolators and auto control of breakers through protective gear is always d. c., as in case of station supply failure, control is not lost. This d. c. supply (usually 220 V d. c.) is obtained using rectifier. In all substations there is 11 kV/ 415 V station transformer. This 415 V (230 V phase to neutral) supply is rectified to 220 V d. c. to feed to control circuits.</span></p>','','1','5.2.5',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-18 14:01:58','2021-04-18 19:31:58'),(337,78,'5.2.6 Battery and Battery Charger','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In case of station supply failure, rectifier cannot feed control circuits. Hence chemical batteries are always installed in all substations and power stations to feed the control circuits. These batteries are regularly maintained. For charging the batteries, battery charger is also installed.</span></p>','','1','5.2.6',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-18 14:02:26','2021-04-18 19:32:26'),(338,78,'5.2.7 Shunt Capacitors','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">These are installed for power factor improvement.</span></p>','','1','5.2.7',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-18 14:02:48','2021-04-18 19:32:48'),(339,78,'The peak of the overvoltage due to lightning can be as high as','','multi','single','','','1','5.1.1',NULL,'4','1','1','0','1','2021-01-15 13:52:55','2021-01-15 13:52:55'),(340,78,'Lightning arresters protect the electrical equipment against...','','multi','single','','','1','5.1.1',NULL,'2','1,3','1','0','1','2021-01-15 13:55:30','2021-01-15 13:55:30'),(341,78,'Isolators can be operated...','','multi','single','','','1','5.1.7',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2021-01-15 13:57:21','2021-01-15 13:57:21'),(342,78,'Which of the following statements is correct?','','multi','single','','','1','5.1.4',NULL,'4','1,3','1','0','1','2021-01-15 15:22:36','2021-01-15 15:22:36'),(343,78,'Refer figure 5.10. For a bus fault at F as shown, breakers','','multi','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16163229061616322906.jpg','','1','5.1.7',NULL,'3','3,6','1','0','1','2021-03-21 10:35:06','2021-03-21 16:05:06'),(344,78,'With reference to power system stability,','','multi','single','','','1','5.1.7',NULL,'2','1,3','1','0','1','2021-01-15 15:33:56','2021-01-15 15:33:56'),(345,78,'With reference to continuity of power in case of bus maintenance,','','multi','single','','','1','5.1.7',NULL,'4','1,3','1','0','1','2021-01-15 15:31:46','2021-01-15 15:31:46'),(346,78,'With reference to floor space required and cost of arrangement,','','multi','single','','','1','5.1.7',NULL,'1','1,3','1','0','1','2021-01-15 15:36:08','2021-01-15 15:36:08'),(347,78,'Lightning and switching surges decay to normal power frequency voltage within...','','multi','single','','','1','5.1.1',NULL,'1','1,3','1','0','1','2021-01-15 15:38:02','2021-01-15 15:38:02'),(348,78,'Earthing switches are provided in substations for the safety of operation and maintenance staff of a substation.','','multi','single','','','1','5.1.2',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-15 15:39:23','2021-01-15 15:39:23'),(349,78,'Isolators are provided in a substation for the breaker maintenance.','','multi','single','','','1','5.1.3',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-15 15:40:38','2021-01-15 15:40:38'),(350,78,'The CT core which is used for measurement purpose can also be used for feeding protective relays.','','multi','single','','','1','5.1.5',NULL,'2','1,3','1','0','1','2021-01-15 15:43:26','2021-01-15 15:43:26'),(351,78,'If transmission line is to be maintained, the sequence of operation is...','','multi','single','','','1','5.1.7',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2021-01-15 15:45:08','2021-01-15 15:45:08'),(352,78,'Pantograph type isolators are used in...','','multi','single','','','1','5.1.7',NULL,'4','1,3','1','0','1','2021-01-15 15:47:45','2021-01-15 15:47:45'),(353,78,'Isolators are not provided in draw-out type switchgears.','','multi','single','','','1','5.2.1',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-15 15:49:02','2021-01-15 15:49:02'),(354,76,'The ratio of puncture strength to flashover voltage in case of overhead line insulator is normally...','','multi','single','','','1','3.1.2',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-24 10:30:42','2021-01-24 10:30:42'),(355,76,'Glass is not preferred as an insulating material in case of overhead line insulators as....','','multi','single','','','1','3.1.3',NULL,'4','1','1','0','1','2021-01-24 10:33:04','2021-01-24 10:33:04'),(356,76,'Suspension type insulator is used for 11 kV feeder.','','multi','single','','','1','3.1.4',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-01-26 16:42:09','2021-01-26 16:42:09'),(357,76,'When the line conductor is suspended using suspension type insulator, the cross-arm of the tower provides partial protection against lightning strokes.','','multi','single','','','1','3.1.4',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-01-24 10:38:01','2021-01-24 10:38:01'),(358,76,'The cause of failure of insulator is....','','multi','single','','','1','3.1.5',NULL,'4','1','1','0','1','2021-01-24 10:40:21','2021-01-24 10:40:21'),(359,79,'Which of the following does not characterise business activity?','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'4','7','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:46','2021-03-18 21:46:46'),(360,79,'Which of the broad categories of industries covers oil refinery and sugar mills?','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'2','4','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:38','2021-03-18 21:46:38'),(361,79,'Which of the following cannot be classified as an auxiliary to trade?','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','4','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:40','2021-03-18 21:46:40'),(362,79,'The occupation in which people work for other and get remunerated in return is known as:','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'2','4','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:34','2021-03-18 21:46:34'),(363,79,'The industries which proved support services to the industries are known as...','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'4','4','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:32','2021-03-18 21:46:32'),(364,79,'Which of the following cannot be classified as an objective of business?','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','4','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:43','2021-03-18 21:46:43'),(365,79,'Business risk is not likely to arise due to...','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:05','2021-03-18 21:46:05'),(366,79,'The uncertainty of rewards and a possibility of loss are known as...','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','4','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:36','2021-03-18 21:46:36'),(367,79,'An economic activity which is concerned with the purchase or production and sale of goods or provision of services with a view to earn income in the form of profits by satisfying the needs of the people is known as...','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:15:59','2021-03-18 21:45:59'),(368,79,'Employment refers to the occupation in which people work for others in accordance with the service agreement and gets remuneration in the form of...','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:14','2021-03-18 21:46:14'),(369,79,'business has two sets of objectives, one is social and another is economic objective. Which of the following is not an economic objective of a business?','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'4','1','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:03','2021-03-18 21:46:03'),(370,79,'A business earning profits is able to honour its ............ on time. This increases the credit worthiness of the business and builds up its reputation.','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','4','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:23:30','2021-03-18 21:53:30'),(371,79,'Primary objective of a business is earning profits. Activities like black marketing, adulteration, etc increases the profits of a business but must be avoided because ....','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-06-05 10:24:02','2021-06-05 15:54:02'),(372,79,'Industries can be classified into primary, secondary and...','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:17','2021-03-18 21:46:17'),(373,79,'Industries that are concerned with extracting various products from natural resources are known as...','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:19','2021-03-18 21:46:19'),(374,79,'Buying and selling of goods is known as','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:08','2021-03-18 21:46:08'),(375,79,'Buying of goods from a foreign nation for further selling them to a third nation is known as...','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'4','1','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:11','2021-03-18 21:46:11'),(376,79,'Providing loans and money transfer services to primary and secondary industries belongs to which type of services?','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'2','4','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:30','2021-03-18 21:46:30'),(377,79,'Primary industry engaged in the activity of breeding and reproducing plants and animals is known as...','','multi','single','','','1','1',NULL,'3','4','1','0','1','2021-03-18 16:16:21','2021-03-18 21:46:21'),(384,79,'1. Business basics','','single','html','<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16169935491616993549.JPG\" style=\"height:281px; width:500px\" /></p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16169935831616993583.JPG\" style=\"height:281px; width:500px\" /></p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16169936061616993606.JPG\" style=\"height:281px; width:500px\" /></p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16169937161616993716.JPG\" style=\"height:281px; width:500px\" /></p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16169937431616993743.JPG\" style=\"height:281px; width:500px\" /></p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16169937581616993758.JPG\" style=\"height:281px; width:500px\" /></p>','','1','1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-03-29 04:56:14','2021-03-29 10:26:14'),(385,75,'Automated guided vehicle','','multi','html','<p><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P--UkQUFqps\">Automated guided vehicle</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16170016191617001619.wmv\">Embedded Video</a></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P--UkQUFqps\" target=\"_parent\">Parent Window</a></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P--UkQUFqps\" onclick=\"window.open(this.href, \'Popup\', \'resizable=yes,status=no,location=no,toolbar=no,menubar=no,fullscreen=no,scrollbars=no,dependent=no\'); return false;\">Popup window</a></p>','','1','1',NULL,'1','4','1','0','1','2021-03-29 12:42:40','2021-03-29 12:42:40'),(386,75,'Image with a link','','multi','html','<p><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTeQbxLer64\"><img alt=\"Robotics\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16170027431617002743.png\" style=\"height:339px; width:500px\" /></a></p>','','1','2',NULL,'1','4','1','0','1','2021-03-29 12:57:41','2021-03-29 12:57:41'),(387,80,'1.4 Use Place Value to Name Whole Numbers','','single','html','<p>When you write a check, you write out the number in words as well as in digits. To write a number in words, write the number in each period followed by the name of the period without the &lsquo;s&rsquo; at the end. Start with the digit at the left, which has the largest place value. The commas separate the periods, so wherever there is a comma in the number, write a comma between the words. The ones period, which has the smallest place value, is not named.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"An image with three values separated by commas. The first value is “37” and has the label “millions”. The second value is “519” and has the label thousands. The third value is “248” and has the label ones. Underneath, the value “37” has an arrow pointing to “Thirty-seven million”, the value “519” has an arrow pointing to “Five hundred nineteen thousand”, and the value “248” has an arrow pointing to “Two hundred forty-eight”.\" src=\"https://openstax.org/resources/439aa96bc95f9d148cecd49e1d4d24f0433f708b\" /></p>\n\n<p>So the number&nbsp;37,519,24837,519,248&nbsp;is written thirty-seven million, five hundred nineteen thousand, two hundred forty-eight.</p>\n\n<p>Notice that the word&nbsp;<em>and</em>&nbsp;is not used when naming a whole number.</p>\n\n<p>HOW TO</p>\n\n<p>Name a whole number in words.</p>\n\n<ol style=\"list-style-type:decimal\">\n	<li>Step 1. Starting at the digit on the left, name the number in each period, followed by the period name. Do not include the period name for the ones.</li>\n	<li>Step 2. Use commas in the number to separate the periods.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p><strong>EXAMPLE&nbsp;1.4</strong></p>\n\n<ol style=\"list-style-type:decimal\">\n	<li>\n	<p>Name the number&nbsp;8,165,432,098,7108,165,432,098,710&nbsp;in words.</p>\n\n	<p><strong>Solution</strong></p>\n\n	<table summary=\"Table C2 3 Dimensions \">\n		<tbody>\n			<tr>\n				<td>Begin with the leftmost digit, which is 8. It is in the trillions place.</td>\n				<td>eight trillion</td>\n			</tr>\n			<tr>\n				<td>The next period to the right is billions.</td>\n				<td>one hundred sixty-five billion</td>\n			</tr>\n			<tr>\n				<td>The next period to the right is millions.</td>\n				<td>four hundred thirty-two million</td>\n			</tr>\n			<tr>\n				<td>The next period to the right is thousands.</td>\n				<td>ninety-eight thousand</td>\n			</tr>\n			<tr>\n				<td>The rightmost period shows the ones.</td>\n				<td>seven hundred ten</td>\n			</tr>\n		</tbody>\n	</table>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"An image with five values separated by commas. The first value is “8” and has the label “trillions”. The second value is “165” and has the label “bilions”. The third value is “432” and has the label “millions”. The fourth value is “098” and has the label “thousands”. The fifth value is “710” and has the label “ones”. Underneath, the value “8” has an arrow pointing to “Eight trillion”, the value “165” has an arrow pointing to “One hundred sixty-five billion”, the value “432” has an arrow pointing to “Four hundred thirty-two million”, the value “098” has an arrow pointing to “Ninety-eight thousand”, and the value “710” has an arrow pointing to “seven hundred ten”.\" src=\"https://openstax.org/resources/feb8ab539331a1881c8c1ae2278d94e0cdaa5bc1\" /></p>\n\n<p>Putting all of the words together, we write&nbsp;8,165,432,098,7108,165,432,098,710&nbsp;as eight trillion, one hundred sixty-five billion, four hundred thirty-two million, ninety-eight thousand, seven hundred ten.</p>\n\n<p><strong>EXAMPLE&nbsp;1.5</strong></p>\n\n<p>A student conducted research and found that the number of mobile phone users in the United States during one month in&nbsp;20142014&nbsp;was&nbsp;327,577,529.327,577,529.&nbsp;Name that number in words.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Solution</strong></p>\n\n<p>Identify the periods associated with the number.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"An image with three values separated by commas. The first value is “327” and has the label “millions”. The second value is “577” and has the label “thousands”. The third value is “529” and has the label “ones”.\" src=\"https://openstax.org/resources/693d18c57f3ff724948f7b29e840bb3b79960d29\" /></p>\n\n<p>Name the number in each period, followed by the period name. Put the commas in to separate the periods.</p>\n\n<p>Millions period: three hundred twenty-seven million</p>\n\n<p>Thousands period: five hundred seventy-seven thousand</p>\n\n<p>Ones period: five hundred twenty-nine</p>\n\n<p>So the number of mobile phone users in the Unites States during the month of April was three hundred twenty-seven million, five hundred seventy-seven thousand, five hundred twenty-nine.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://openstax.org\">Access for free at https://openstax.org.</a></p>','','1','1.4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-03-30 16:59:24','2021-03-30 16:59:24'),(388,80,'1.5 Use Place Value to Write Whole Numbers','','single','html','<p>We will now reverse the process and write a number given in words as digits.</p>\n\n<p>HOW TO Use place value to write a whole number.</p>\n\n<ol style=\"list-style-type:decimal\">\n	<li>Step 1. Identify the words that indicate periods. (Remember the ones period is never named.)</li>\n	<li>Step 2. Draw three blanks to indicate the number of places needed in each period. Separate the periods by commas.</li>\n	<li>Step 3. Name the number in each period and place the digits in the correct place value position.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p><strong>EXAMPLE&nbsp;1.6</strong></p>\n\n<p>Write the following numbers using digits.</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>?&nbsp;fifty-three million, four hundred one thousand, seven hundred forty-two</li>\n	<li>?&nbsp;nine billion, two hundred forty-six million, seventy-three thousand, one hundred eighty-nine</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>Solution</p>\n\n<p>?&nbsp;Identify the words that indicate periods.</p>\n\n<p>Except for the first period, all other periods must have three places. Draw three blanks to indicate the number of places needed in each period. Separate the periods by commas.</p>\n\n<p>Then write the digits in each period.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"An image with three blocks of text pointing to numerical values. The first block of text is “fifty-three million”, has the label “millions”, and points to value 53. The second block of text is “four hundred one thousand”, has the label “thousands”, and points to value 401. The third block of text is “seven hundred forty-two”, has the label “ones”, and points to value 742.\" src=\"https://openstax.org/resources/985d46bd4f649e676ff77e67f23d1db2634e0fdb\" /></p>\n\n<p>Put the numbers together, including the commas. The number is&nbsp;53,401,742.53,401,742.</p>\n\n<p>?&nbsp;Identify the words that indicate periods.</p>\n\n<p>Except for the first period, all other periods must have three places. Draw three blanks to indicate the number of places needed in each period. Separate the periods by commas.</p>\n\n<p>Then write the digits in each period.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"An image with four blocks of text pointing to numerical values. The first block of text is “nine billion”, has the label “billions”, and points to value 9. The second block of text is “two hundred forty-six million”, has the label “millions”, and points to value 246. The third block of text is “seventy-three thousand”, has the label “thousands”, and points to value 742. The fourth block of text is “one hundred eighty-nine”, has the label “ones”, and points to the value 189.\" src=\"https://openstax.org/resources/d22a55285c8446cb38a561d741d4ae71d71b9fdb\" /></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>The number is&nbsp;9,246,073,189.9,246,073,189.</p>\n\n<p>Notice that in part&nbsp;?, a zero was needed as a place-holder in the hundred thousands place. Be sure to write zeros as needed to make sure that each period, except possibly the first, has three places.</p>\n\n<p><strong>EXAMPLE&nbsp;1.7</strong></p>\n\n<p>A state budget was about&nbsp;$77$77&nbsp;billion. Write the budget in standard form.</p>\n\n<p>Solution</p>\n\n<p>Identify the periods. In this case, only two digits are given and they are in the billions period. To write the entire number, write zeros for all of the other periods.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"An image with four blocks of text pointing to numerical values. The first block of text is “77 billion”, has the label “billions”, and points to value “77”. The second block of text is null, has the label “millions”, and points to value “000”. The third block of text is null, has the label “thousands”, and points to value “000”. The fourth block of text is null, has the label “ones”, and points to the value “000”.\" src=\"https://openstax.org/resources/bd95e17f7da718f94b5bc2a5af5b4130bc2e8a08\" /></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>So the budget was about&nbsp;$77,000,000,000.</p>','','1','1.5',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-03-30 17:12:09','2021-03-30 17:12:09'),(389,80,'1.6 Round Whole Numbers','','single','html','<p>In&nbsp;2013,2013,&nbsp;the U.S. Census Bureau reported the population of the state of New York as&nbsp;19,651,12719,651,127&nbsp;people. It might be enough to say that the population is approximately&nbsp;2020&nbsp;million. The word&nbsp;<em>approximately</em>&nbsp;means that&nbsp;2020&nbsp;million is not the exact population, but is close to the exact value.</p>\n\n<p>The process of approximating a number is called&nbsp;rounding. Numbers are rounded to a specific place value depending on how much accuracy is needed.&nbsp;2020&nbsp;million was achieved by rounding to the millions place. Had we rounded to the one hundred thousands place, we would have&nbsp;19,700,00019,700,000&nbsp;as a result. Had we rounded to the ten thousands place, we would have&nbsp;19,650,00019,650,000&nbsp;as a result, and so on. The place value to which we round to depends on how we need to use the number.</p>\n\n<p>Using the number line can help you visualize and understand the rounding process. Look at the number line in&nbsp;<a href=\"https://openstax.org/books/prealgebra-2e/pages/1-1-introduction-to-whole-numbers#CNX_BMath_Figure_01_01_019\">Figure 1.7</a>. Suppose we want to round the number&nbsp;7676&nbsp;to the nearest ten. Is&nbsp;7676&nbsp;closer to&nbsp;7070&nbsp;or&nbsp;8080&nbsp;on the number line?</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"An image of a number line from 70 to 80 with increments of one. All the numbers on the number line are black except for 70 and 80 which are red. There is an orange dot at the value “76” on the number line.\" src=\"https://openstax.org/resources/37b6df2651510551d9071da3f6b8eb0719ff6633\" /></p>\n\n<p>Figure&nbsp;1.7&nbsp;We can see that&nbsp;7676&nbsp;is closer to&nbsp;8080&nbsp;than to&nbsp;70.70.&nbsp;So&nbsp;7676&nbsp;rounded to the nearest ten is&nbsp;80.80.</p>\n\n<p>Now consider the number&nbsp;72.72.&nbsp;Find&nbsp;7272&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href=\"https://openstax.org/books/prealgebra-2e/pages/1-1-introduction-to-whole-numbers#CNX_BMath_Figure_01_01_020\">Figure 1.8</a>.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"An image of a number line from 70 to 80 with increments of one. All the numbers on the number line are black except for 70 and 80 which are red. There is an orange dot at the value “72” on the number line.\" src=\"https://openstax.org/resources/e67bcef2dedda9aa2d1306e9ee1a994ccd86e8c1\" /></p>\n\n<p>Figure&nbsp;1.8&nbsp;We can see that&nbsp;7272&nbsp;is closer to&nbsp;70,70,&nbsp;so&nbsp;7272&nbsp;rounded to the nearest ten is&nbsp;70.70.</p>\n\n<p>How do we round&nbsp;7575&nbsp;to the nearest ten. Find&nbsp;7575&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href=\"https://openstax.org/books/prealgebra-2e/pages/1-1-introduction-to-whole-numbers#CNX_BMath_Figure_01_01_021\">Figure 1.9</a>.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"An image of a number line from 70 to 80 with increments of one. All the numbers on the number line are black except for 70 and 80 which are red. There is an orange dot at the value “75” on the number line.\" src=\"https://openstax.org/resources/50e1604fc69fede5e2888928a5010a8a5c196bef\" /></p>\n\n<p>Figure&nbsp;1.9&nbsp;The number&nbsp;7575&nbsp;is exactly midway between&nbsp;7070&nbsp;and&nbsp;80.80.</p>\n\n<p>So that everyone rounds the same way in cases like this, mathematicians have agreed to round to the higher number,&nbsp;80.80.&nbsp;So,&nbsp;7575&nbsp;rounded to the nearest ten is&nbsp;80.80.</p>\n\n<p>Now that we have looked at this process on the number line, we can introduce a more general procedure. To round a number to a specific place, look at the number to the right of that place. If the number is less than&nbsp;5,5,&nbsp;round down. If it is greater than or equal to&nbsp;5,5,&nbsp;round up.</p>\n\n<p>So, for example, to round&nbsp;7676&nbsp;to the nearest ten, we look at the digit in the ones place.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"An image of value “76”. The text “tens place” is in blue and points to number 7 in “76”. The text “is greater than 5” is in red and points to the number 6 in “76”.\" src=\"https://openstax.org/resources/ac59753452bda33d47b5a9b6323a5b6eb970a9f8\" /></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>The digit in the ones place is a&nbsp;6.6.&nbsp;Because&nbsp;66&nbsp;is greater than or equal to&nbsp;5,5,&nbsp;we increase the digit in the tens place by one. So the&nbsp;77&nbsp;in the tens place becomes an&nbsp;8.8.&nbsp;Now, replace any digits to the right of the&nbsp;88&nbsp;with zeros. So,&nbsp;7676&nbsp;rounds to&nbsp;80.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"An image of the value “76”. The “6” in “76” is crossed out and has an arrow pointing to it which says “replace with 0”. The “7” has an arrow pointing to it that says “add 1”. Under the value “76” is the value “80”.\" src=\"https://openstax.org/resources/43d39fbc30343be3e28fa19af0fa1cbada0db25e\" /></p>\n\n<p>Let&rsquo;s look again at&nbsp;rounding&nbsp;7272&nbsp;to the nearest&nbsp;10.10.&nbsp;Again, we look to the ones place.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"An image of value “72”. The text “tens place” is in blue and points to number 7 in “72”. The text “is less than 5” is in red and points to the number 2 in “72”.\" src=\"https://openstax.org/resources/4d8896d3e6d604c3bc4c456640e4b400f03a24b8\" /></p>\n\n<p>The digit in the ones place is&nbsp;2.2.&nbsp;Because&nbsp;22&nbsp;is less than&nbsp;5,5,&nbsp;we keep the digit in the tens place the same and replace the digits to the right of it with zero. So&nbsp;7272&nbsp;rounded to the nearest ten is&nbsp;70.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"An image of the value “72”. The “2” in “72” is crossed out and has an arrow pointing to it which says “replace with 0”. The “7” has an arrow pointing to it that says “do not add 1”. Under the value “72” is the value “70”.\" src=\"https://openstax.org/resources/739ab4ea290fbf12281c63f83068ce837625e531\" /></p>\n\n<p>HOW TO</p>\n\n<p>Round a whole number to a specific place value.</p>\n\n<ol style=\"list-style-type:decimal\">\n	<li>Step 1. Locate the given place value. All digits to the left of that place value do not change unless the digit immediately to the left is 9, in which case it may. (See Step 3.)</li>\n	<li>Step 2. Underline the digit to the right of the given place value.</li>\n	<li>Step 3. Determine if this digit is greater than or equal to&nbsp;5.5.\n	<ul>\n		<li>Yes&mdash;add&nbsp;11&nbsp;to the digit in the given place value. If that digit is 9, replace it with 0 and add 1 to the digit immediately to its left. If that digit is also a 9, repeat.</li>\n		<li>No&mdash;do not change the digit in the given place value.</li>\n	</ul>\n	</li>\n	<li>Step 4. Replace all digits to the right of the given place value with zeros.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p><strong>EXAMPLE&nbsp;1.8</strong>&nbsp;Round&nbsp;843843&nbsp;to the nearest ten.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Solution</strong></p>\n\n<p><br />\n&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://openstax.org\">Access for free at https://openstax.org.</a></p>','','1','1.5',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-03-30 17:18:59','2021-03-30 17:18:59'),(390,81,'1.1 Rules of exponent','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16213358111621335811.mp4','','1','1.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-18 11:03:31','2021-05-18 16:33:31'),(391,81,'1.2 How to write the expanded form of a number in exponent form.','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16213358791621335879.mp4','','1','1.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-28 10:42:31','2021-05-28 16:12:31'),(392,81,'1 Introduction to exponent.','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16213357511621335751.mp4','','1','1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-18 11:02:31','2021-05-18 16:32:31'),(393,81,'1.3 Use exponent rules to solve given problem','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16233157631623315763.mp4','','1','1.3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-06-10 09:02:44','2021-06-10 14:32:44'),(394,81,'1.4 Solve sums of exponent having variable.','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16213370811621337081.mp4','','1','1.4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-18 11:24:41','2021-05-18 16:54:41'),(395,81,'1.5 Examples having exponent of variable','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16213377261621337726.mp4','','1','1.5',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-06-10 09:17:00','2021-06-10 14:47:00'),(396,81,'1.6 How to solve sum with power as variable','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16213383991621338398.mp4','','1','1.6',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-18 11:46:39','2021-05-18 17:16:39'),(397,81,'1.1.n Refer to the media and select an answer.','','single','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">a<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;a<sup>7&nbsp;</sup>=&nbsp;a<sup>?</sup></span></p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'3','7','1','0','1','2021-05-20 11:26:47','2021-05-20 16:56:47'),(398,81,'1.1.m Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">(-4)<sup>4&nbsp;</sup>&times;&nbsp;(-4)<sup>5</sup>&nbsp;=&nbsp;(-4)<sup>?</sup></span></p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'1','7','1','0','1','2021-05-20 06:52:11','2021-05-20 12:22:11'),(399,81,'1.1.k Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">(-2)<sup>-2&nbsp;</sup>&times; (-2)<sup>6&nbsp;</sup>=&nbsp;(-2)<sup>?</sup></span></p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:38:57','2021-05-19 17:08:57'),(400,81,'1.1.e Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">(-5)<sup>2&nbsp;</sup>&times;&nbsp;(-5)<sup>-6&nbsp;</sup>=&nbsp;(-5)<sup>?</sup></span></p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-05-18 13:33:53','2021-05-18 19:03:53'),(401,81,'1.1.a Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">(-5)<sup>4&nbsp;</sup>&divide;&nbsp;&nbsp;(-5)<sup>10&nbsp;</sup>=&nbsp;&mdash;</span></p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-18 13:09:26','2021-05-18 18:39:26'),(402,81,'1.1.b Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:20px\">x<sup>12&nbsp;</sup>&divide; x<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;=&nbsp;&mdash;</span></p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2021-05-18 13:16:55','2021-05-18 18:46:55'),(403,81,'1.1.d Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">(2<sup>2&nbsp;</sup>)<sup>5&nbsp;</sup>= 2<sup>?</sup></span></p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'3','7','1','0','1','2021-05-18 13:26:43','2021-05-18 18:56:43'),(404,81,'1.1.j Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">(-3<sup>2</sup>)<sup>-5</sup>&nbsp;= (-3)<sup>?</sup></span></p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'3','7','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:36:47','2021-05-19 17:06:47'),(405,81,'1.1.c Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">(-2)<sup>3&nbsp;</sup>=&nbsp;&mdash;</span></p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'3','4','1','0','1','2021-05-18 13:24:42','2021-05-18 18:54:42'),(406,81,'1.1.l Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:20px\">(-3)<sup>-3&nbsp;</sup>=&nbsp;&mdash;</span></p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'2','4','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:40:58','2021-05-19 17:10:58'),(407,81,'1.1.g Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\((\\frac{2}{3})^3=\\)</span>&nbsp;&mdash;</span></p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'1','7','1','0','1','2021-05-18 13:42:42','2021-05-18 19:12:42'),(408,81,'1.1.h Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\((\\frac{-2}{3})^2 =\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'1','6','1','0','1','2021-05-19 06:13:13','2021-05-19 11:43:13'),(409,81,'1.1.i Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\((\\frac{-2}{3})^{-2} =\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2021-05-19 06:14:43','2021-05-19 11:44:43'),(410,81,'1.1.f Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">(23xy)<sup>0&nbsp;</sup>=&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-05-18 13:37:35','2021-05-18 19:07:35'),(411,81,'1.2.a Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">expanded form of 1593.217 is&nbsp;1&times;10<sup>3&nbsp;</sup>+ 5&times;10<sup>2&nbsp;</sup>+ 9&times;10<sup>1</sup>&nbsp;+ 3&times;10<sup>0&nbsp;</sup>+ 2&times;10<sup>-1&nbsp;</sup>+ 1&times;10<sup>-2</sup>+ 7&times;10<sup>-3</sup> .</span></p>','','1','1.2',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-05-18 13:40:14','2021-05-18 19:10:14'),(412,81,'1.2.b Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">Expanded form of 1003.51 is 1&times;10<sup>3&nbsp;</sup>+ 0 &times; 10<sup>2 </sup>+ 0&times;10<sup>1&nbsp;</sup>+ 3&times;10<sup>0&nbsp;</sup>+ 5&times;10<sup>-1&nbsp;</sup>+ 1&times;10<sup>-2&nbsp;</sup>.</span></p>','','1','1.2',NULL,'1','1','1','0','1','2021-05-19 06:18:16','2021-05-19 11:48:16'),(413,81,'1.2.e Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">Expanded form of 123.167 is 1&times;10<sup>1</sup>&nbsp;+ 2&times;10<sup>0</sup>&nbsp;+ 3&times;10<sup>0&nbsp;</sup>+ 1&times;10<sup>-1&nbsp;</sup>+ 6&times;10<sup>-2&nbsp;</sup>+ 7&times;10<sup>-3&nbsp;</sup>.</span></p>','','1','1.2',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-05-19 07:00:38','2021-05-19 12:30:38'),(414,81,'1.2.d Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">[(-3)<sup>4</sup>]<sup>3&nbsp;</sup>&divide;&nbsp;[(-3)<sup>5</sup>]<sup>2&nbsp;&nbsp;</sup>=&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.2',NULL,'1','7','1','0','1','2021-05-19 06:55:55','2021-05-19 12:25:55'),(415,81,'1.2.c Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\frac{27^{-1}\\times5^3}{3^{-4}} =\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.2',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2021-05-19 06:40:24','2021-05-19 12:10:24'),(416,81,'1.2.f Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">( 2<sup>-1&nbsp;</sup>+ 3<sup>-1&nbsp;</sup>+5<sup>-1&nbsp;</sup>)<sup>0&nbsp;</sup>=&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.2',NULL,'1','6','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:30:14','2021-05-19 17:00:14'),(417,81,'1.3.d Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\((\\frac{5}{9})^{-7}\\times(\\frac{9}{5})^{-5}=\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.3',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:33:35','2021-05-19 17:03:35'),(418,81,'1.3.b Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\((35^2\\div14^2)\\div(\\frac{5}{2})^2 =\\)</span>&nbsp;?&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></p>','','1','1.3',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:00:09','2021-05-19 16:30:09'),(419,81,'1.3.a Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\((\\frac{1}{2})^{-3}-(\\frac{1}{3})^{-2}=\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.3',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-05-19 10:55:49','2021-05-19 16:25:49'),(420,81,'1.3.c Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">(4<sup>3&nbsp;</sup>&divide; 2<sup>4&nbsp;</sup>)&nbsp;&times; 2<sup>2&nbsp;</sup>=&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.3',NULL,'3','4','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:03:37','2021-05-19 16:33:37'),(443,81,'1.4.a Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\root 3\\of{512} =\\)</span></span></p>','','1','1.4',NULL,'1','7','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:44:13','2021-05-19 17:14:13'),(444,81,'1.4.b Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\((4)^\\frac{3}{2} =\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.4',NULL,'3','7','1','0','1','2021-05-20 06:35:51','2021-05-20 12:05:51'),(445,81,'1.4.c Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(3^5\\times(\\frac{1}{3})^3\\times3^{-4} =\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.4',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-05-20 06:42:14','2021-05-20 12:12:14'),(446,81,'1.4.d Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\((\\frac{3}{5})^4\\times(\\frac{3}{5})^6\\div[(\\frac{3}{5})]^2=\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.4',NULL,'2','4','1','0','1','2021-05-20 06:46:00','2021-05-20 12:16:00'),(447,81,'1.4.e Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\((8^{-\\frac{1}{3}})^2 = \\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.4',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-05-20 06:48:51','2021-05-20 12:18:51'),(448,81,'1.4.g Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\root 3\\of{\\frac{343}{8}}=\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.4',NULL,'1','4','1','0','1','2021-05-20 08:08:30','2021-05-20 13:38:30'),(449,81,'1.4.f Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(7^{-3}\\times\\frac{1}{7^{-3}} =\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.4',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2021-05-20 06:56:02','2021-05-20 12:26:02'),(450,81,'1.5.a Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(y^2\\times y^{-3}=\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.5',NULL,'2','6,7','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:07:00','2021-05-19 16:37:00'),(451,81,'1.5.b Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(6y^2\\div2y^{-4} =\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.5',NULL,'1','6,7','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:09:58','2021-05-19 16:39:58'),(452,81,'1.5.c Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(x^{12}\\times \\hspace{0.5cm}=x^8\\)</span></span></p>','','1','1.5',NULL,'2','6,7','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:13:21','2021-05-19 16:43:21'),(453,81,'1.5.c Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\((x^{-2})^{-3} =\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.5',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:16:04','2021-05-19 16:46:04'),(454,81,'1.5.d Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(x^{-2}=\\frac{1}{x^2}\\)</span></span></p>','','1','1.5',NULL,'1','6','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:19:35','2021-05-19 16:49:35'),(455,81,'1.5.e Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\((z^{-7})^5=\\frac{1}{z^{35}}\\)</span></span></p>','','1','1.5',NULL,'1','6','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:22:04','2021-05-19 16:52:04'),(456,81,'1.5.f Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\frac{x^{26}}{x^{-2}}=\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.5',NULL,'1','6','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:25:14','2021-05-19 16:55:14'),(457,81,'1.6.b Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(4^y=16\\)</span>&nbsp;than y=&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.6',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-05-20 07:49:20','2021-05-20 13:19:20'),(458,81,'1.6.c Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(2^m=1\\)</span>&nbsp;than m=&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.6',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-05-20 07:51:36','2021-05-20 13:21:36'),(459,81,'1.6.a Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(y^{m+1}=y^2\\)</span>&nbsp;than m =&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.6',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-05-20 07:45:50','2021-05-20 13:15:50'),(460,81,'1.6.d Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\frac{10^4}{2^4}=5^m\\)</span>&nbsp;than m =&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.6',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2021-05-20 11:08:54','2021-05-20 16:38:54'),(461,81,'1.6.e Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(32^{\\frac{2}{5}}= \\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','1.6',NULL,'3','7','1','0','1','2021-05-20 11:23:50','2021-05-20 16:53:50'),(462,81,'2 Introduction to square numbers','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16213386431621338643.mp4','','1','2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-18 11:50:43','2021-05-18 17:20:43'),(463,81,'2.1 Pythagorean triplet numbers','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16232999181623299918.mp4','','1','2.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-06-10 04:38:38','2021-06-10 10:08:38'),(464,81,'2.2 Methods of finding square.','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16213387651621338765.mp4','','1','2.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-18 11:52:46','2021-05-18 17:22:46'),(465,81,'2.b Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">15<sup>2&nbsp;</sup>=&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','2',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-05-20 11:11:38','2021-05-20 16:41:38'),(466,81,'2.c Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">8<sup>2&nbsp;</sup>=&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','2',NULL,'2','1','1','0','1','2021-05-20 11:13:11','2021-05-20 16:43:11'),(467,81,'2.d Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">19<sup>2&nbsp;</sup>=&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','2',NULL,'3','1','1','0','1','2021-05-20 11:15:00','2021-05-20 16:45:00'),(468,81,'2.a Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">14<sup>2&nbsp;&nbsp;</sup><u>?</u>&nbsp; (-14)<sup>2</sup></span></p>','','1','2',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2021-06-15 06:49:02','2021-06-15 12:19:02'),(469,81,'Unit digit of the square of 239 is','','multi','single','','','1','2',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-05-28 11:57:07','2021-05-28 17:27:07'),(470,81,'Unit digit of the square of 230 is','','multi','single','','','1','2',NULL,'1','6','1','0','1','2021-05-28 11:57:25','2021-05-28 17:27:25'),(471,81,'Unit digit of the square of 207 is','','multi','single','','','1','2',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2021-05-28 11:57:51','2021-05-28 17:27:51'),(472,81,'5,12,13 are Pythagorean triplets.','','multi','single','','','1','2.1',NULL,'1','7','1','0','1','2021-05-28 12:41:31','2021-05-28 18:11:31'),(473,81,'6,8,11 are Pythagorean triplets.','','multi','single','','','1','2.1',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2021-05-28 12:47:20','2021-05-28 18:17:20'),(474,81,'5,12 and ___ are Pythagorean triplets.','','multi','single','','','1','2.1',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2021-05-28 12:41:43','2021-05-28 18:11:43'),(475,81,'2.1.a Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">How many non-square numbers lie between 15<sup>2&nbsp;</sup>and 14<sup>2</sup>?</span></p>','','1','2.1',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2021-05-28 12:49:06','2021-05-28 18:19:06'),(476,81,'2.1.c Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">How many non-square numbers lie between 19<sup>2&nbsp;</sup>and 18<sup>2</sup>?</span></p>','','1','2.1',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-05-28 12:46:37','2021-05-28 18:16:37'),(477,81,'2.1.b Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">How many non-square numbers lie between 13<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;and 12<sup>2&nbsp;</sup>?</span></p>','','1','2.1',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-05-28 12:48:15','2021-05-28 18:18:15'),(478,81,'2.2.c Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">59<sup>2&nbsp;</sup>=&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','2.2',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2021-05-18 13:22:25','2021-05-18 18:52:25'),(479,81,'2.2.a Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">33<sup>2&nbsp;</sup>=&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','2.2',NULL,'1','7','1','0','1','2021-05-18 13:00:54','2021-05-18 18:30:54'),(480,81,'2.2.b Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">1+ 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 + 21 + 23 =&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','2.2',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2021-05-18 13:12:28','2021-05-18 18:42:28'),(481,81,'1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = ?','','multi','single','','','1','2.2',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-04-13 16:45:59','2021-04-13 16:45:59'),(482,81,'2.2.d Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\">99<sup>2&nbsp;</sup>= (100)<sup>2&nbsp;</sup>- 2(100)(1) + (1)<sup>2</sup></span></p>','','1','2.2',NULL,'1','6','1','0','1','2021-05-20 11:21:52','2021-05-20 16:51:52'),(483,81,'Square root of 12.25 is...','','multi','single','','','1','2.3',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-05-28 13:30:53','2021-05-28 19:00:53'),(484,81,'Roots of 1369 is...','','multi','single','','','1','2.3',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2021-04-13 16:51:09','2021-04-13 16:51:09'),(485,81,'Roots of 7744 is...','','multi','single','','','1','2.3',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2021-04-13 16:52:22','2021-04-13 16:52:22'),(486,81,'Roots of 5776 is...','','multi','single','','','1','2.3',NULL,'3','7','1','0','1','2021-05-17 06:50:35','2021-05-17 12:20:35'),(487,81,'Which smallest whole number should be multiplied to 234 to get perfect square number?','','multi','single','','','1','2.4',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2021-05-17 09:14:27','2021-05-17 14:44:27'),(488,81,'Find the smallest whole number by which 2028 should be divided to get perfect square number.','','multi','single','','','1','2.4',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2021-05-17 06:34:17','2021-05-17 12:04:17'),(489,81,'Find the smallest square number that is  divisible by 4,30,20.','','multi','single','','','1','2.4',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-04-13 17:00:49','2021-04-13 17:00:49'),(490,81,'Find the smallest square number which is  divisible by each of 18, 3 and 15.','','multi','single','','','1','2.4',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2021-04-13 17:02:37','2021-04-13 17:02:37'),(491,81,'2.5.c Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\sqrt{57.76}=\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','2.5',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2021-05-19 11:27:29','2021-05-19 16:57:29'),(492,81,'2.5.e Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\sqrt{1}=\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','2.5',NULL,'1','6','1','0','1','2021-05-20 08:03:08','2021-05-20 13:33:08'),(493,81,'2.5.b Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\( \\sqrt{48\\times3} =\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','2.5',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-05-19 06:26:49','2021-05-19 11:56:49'),(494,81,'2.5.d Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\(\\sqrt{1\\frac{48}{121}}=\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','2.5',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2021-05-20 08:01:26','2021-05-20 13:31:26'),(495,81,'2.5.a Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><span class=\"math-tex\">\\( \\sqrt{7921} =\\)</span>&nbsp;?</span></p>','','1','2.5',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2021-05-18 13:31:46','2021-05-18 19:01:46'),(496,81,'Find the smallest number which must be subtracted from 3250 to get perfect square number.','','multi','single','','','1','2.6',NULL,'1','7','1','0','1','2021-05-16 06:35:46','2021-05-16 12:05:46'),(497,81,'Find the smallest number which must be subtracted from 9999 to get perfect square number.','','multi','single','','','1','2.6',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2021-05-17 06:32:27','2021-05-17 12:02:27'),(498,81,'Find the smallest number which must be added to 252 to get perfect square number.','','multi','single','','','1','2.6',NULL,'2','7','1','0','1','2021-05-16 06:25:34','2021-05-16 11:55:34'),(499,81,'2.6.a Refer to the media and select an answer.','','multi','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Find the length of square floor whose area is 4489 m<sup>2&nbsp;</sup>.</span></p>','','1','2.6',NULL,'3','6','1','0','1','2021-05-18 13:19:53','2021-05-18 18:49:53'),(500,81,'In a school 500 children are there. Principal is distributing uniform to them but for taking uniform they have to stand in such a way that the number of rows is equal to number of columns. How many children would be left out?','','multi','single','','','1','2.6',NULL,'2','6','1','0','1','2021-06-14 04:04:13','2021-06-14 09:34:13'),(501,81,'2.3 Methods to find square root.','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16213388101621338810.mp4','','1','2.3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-18 11:53:30','2021-05-18 17:23:30'),(502,81,'2.4 How to solve problem sums of square numbers.','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16232997421623299742.mp4','','1','2.4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-06-10 04:35:43','2021-06-10 10:05:43'),(503,81,'2.5 How to find square root using division method?','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16233001721623300172.mp4','','1','2.5',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-06-14 04:06:04','2021-06-14 09:36:04'),(504,81,'2.6 How to solve problems using division method?','','single','single','https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16233002471623300247.mp4','','1','2.6',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-06-14 04:01:52','2021-06-14 09:31:52'),(505,83,'1. What is input tax credit?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><u><span style=\"color:black\">Input credit</span></u><span style=\"color:black\">&nbsp;means at the time of paying tax on output, you can reduce the tax you have</span><span style=\"color:#1e314f\"> already paid on inputs and pay the balance amount.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Here&rsquo;s how-</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">When you buy a product/service from a registered dealer you pay taxes on the purchase. On selling, you collect the tax. You adjust the taxes paid at the time of purchase with the amount of output tax (tax on sales) and balance liability of tax (tax on sales&nbsp;<em>minus</em>&nbsp;tax on purchase) has to be paid to the government. This mechanism is called utilization of input tax credit.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">For example-</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Mr A is a manufacturer:</span></span></span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Tax payable on output (FINAL PRODUCT) is Rs 450</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Tax paid on input (PURCHASES) is Rs 300</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">You can claim INPUT CREDIT of Rs 300 and&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">you only need to deposit Rs 150 in taxes.</span></span></span></li>\n</ul>','','1','1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-18 05:55:16','2021-04-18 11:25:16'),(506,83,'2. Who can claim ITC?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">ITC can be claimed by a person registered under GST </span><span style=\"color:black\">only if he fulfills ALL the&nbsp;conditions&nbsp;as</span><span style=\"color:#1e314f\"> prescribed.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">The dealer should be in possession of tax invoice</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">The said goods/services have been received</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Returns have been filed.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">The tax charged has been paid to the government by the supplier.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">When goods are received in installments ITC can be claimed only when the last lot is received.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">No ITC will be allowed if depreciation has been claimed on tax component of a capital good</span></span></span></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:#f8f8f8\"><u><span style=\"color:black\">A person registered under composition scheme in GST cannot claim ITC.</span></u></span></span></p>','','1','2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-18 05:56:50','2021-04-18 11:26:50'),(507,83,'3. What can be claimed as ITC?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><u><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">ITC can </span>be&nbsp;claimed only for business purposes.&nbsp;</u></strong></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">ITC</span><span style=\"color:#1e314f\"> will not be available for goods or services exclusively used for:</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol style=\"list-style-type:lower-alpha\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Personal use</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Exempt supplies</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Supplies for which ITC is specifically not available</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>','','1','3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-18 05:59:18','2021-04-18 11:29:18'),(508,83,'4. How to claim ITC?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">All regular taxpayers must report the amount of input tax credit(ITC) in their monthly GST returns of Form GSTR-3B. The table 4 requires the summary figure of eligible ITC, Ineligible ITC and ITC reversed during the tax period. The format of the Table 4 is given below:</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"width:900px\">\n	<caption>\n	<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Table 4: Eligible ITC</span></div>\n	</caption>\n	<thead>\n		<tr>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Details</span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Integrated Tax</span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Central Tax</span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">state/UT Tax</span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Cess</span></div>\n			</th>\n		</tr>\n	</thead>\n	<tbody>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"text-align:center\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">1</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"text-align:center\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">2</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"text-align:center\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">3</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"text-align:center\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">4</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"text-align:center\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">5</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">(A) ITC Available (whether in full or part)</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (1) Import of goods</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (2) Import of services</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (3) Inward supplies liable to reverse charge (other than 1&nbsp; &amp; 2 above)</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (4) Inward supplies from ISD</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (5) All other ITC</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">(B) ITC reversed&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (1) As per rules 42 &amp; 43 of CGST Rules</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (2) Others</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (C) Net ITC available (A) - (B)</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">(D) Ineligible ITC</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (1) As per section 17(5)</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (2) Others</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n	</tbody>\n</table>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">A taxpayer can claim ITC on a provisional basis in the GSTR-3B to an extent of 10% of the eligible ITC reported by suppliers in the auto-generated GSTR-2A return. Hence, a taxpayer should cross-check the GSTR-2A figure before proceeding to file GSTR-3B. This means that the amount of ITC reported in the GSTR-3B will be the total of the actual ITC in GSTR-2A and the provisional ITC being 10% of the actual eligible ITC in the GSTR-2A. Hence, matching of the purchase register or expense ledger with the GSTR-2A becomes crucial.</span></span></span></p>','','1','4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 10:05:30','2021-04-28 15:35:30'),(509,83,'5. Reversal of Input Tax Credit','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">ITC can be availed only on goods and services for business purposes. If they are used for non-business (personal) purposes, or for making exempt supplies ITC cannot be claimed. Apart from these, there are certain other situations where ITC will be reversed.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">ITC will be reversed in the following cases-</span></strong></span></p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><strong><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Non-payment of invoices in 180 days</span></strong><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">&ndash; ITC will be reversed for invoices which were not paid within 180 days of issue.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><strong><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Credit note issued to ISD by seller</span></strong><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">&ndash; This is for ISD. If a credit note was issued by the seller to the HO then the ITC subsequently reduced will be reversed.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><strong><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Inputs partly for business purpose and partly for exempted supplies or for personal use&nbsp;</span></strong><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">&ndash; This is for businesses which use inputs for both business and non-business (personal) purpose. ITC used in the&nbsp;portion of input goods/services used for the personal </span><u><span style=\"color:black\">purpose must be&nbsp;reversed proportionately</span></u><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><strong><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Capital goods partly for business and partly for exempted supplies or for personal use &ndash;</span></strong><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">&nbsp;This is similar to above except that it concerns capital goods.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><strong><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">ITC reversed is less than required-</span></strong><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">&nbsp;This is calculated after the annual return is furnished. If total ITC on inputs of exempted/non-business purpose is more than the ITC actually reversed during the year then the difference amount will be added to output liability. Interest will be applicable.</span></span></span></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><u><span style=\"color:black\">The details of&nbsp;</span></u><span style=\"color:black\"><a href=\"https://cleartax.in/s/reverse-input-tax-credit-under-gstr-2/\"><span style=\"color:black\">reversal of ITC</span></a></span><u><span style=\"color:black\">&nbsp;will be furnished in&nbsp;</span></u><span style=\"color:black\"><a href=\"https://cleartax.in/s/gstr-3b\"><strong><span style=\"color:black\">GSTR-3B</span></strong></a></span><strong><u><span style=\"color:black\">.</span></u></strong></span></span></p>','','1','5',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-18 06:21:21','2021-04-18 11:51:21'),(510,83,'6. Reconciliation of ITC','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">ITC claimed by the person has to match with the details specified by his supplier in his GST return. In case of any&nbsp;mismatch, the supplier and recipient would be communicated regarding discrepancies after the filling of GSTR-3B.&nbsp;</span></span></span></p>','','1','6',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-18 06:22:08','2021-04-18 11:52:08'),(511,83,'7. Documents Required for Claiming ITC','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">The following&nbsp;</span></span>documents are required for claiming ITC<span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">: </span></span></span></p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Invoice issued by the supplier of goods/services.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">The debit note issued by the supplier to the recipient (if any).</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Bill of entry.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">An invoice issued under certain circumstances like the bill of supply issued instead of tax invoice if the amount is less than Rs 200 or in situations where the reverse charge is applicable as per GST law.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">An invoice or credit note issued by the Input Service Distributor (ISD) as per the invoice rules under GST. 6. A bill of supply issued by the supplier of goods and services or both.</span></span></span></li>\n</ol>','','1','7',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-18 06:25:39','2021-04-18 11:55:39'),(512,83,'8. Special cases of ITC','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">There are some special cases of ITC.</span></p>\n\n<ol start=\"1\" style=\"list-style-type:lower-alpha\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><strong><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">ITC for Capital Goods</span></strong></span></span></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\"><span style=\"color:black\">ITC is available for capital goods</span>&nbsp;under GST.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">However, ITC is not available for- i. Capital Goods used exclusively for making exempted goods ii. Capital Goods used exclusively for non-business (personal) purposes&nbsp;</span></span><strong><em><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Note: No ITC will be allowed if depreciation has been claimed on tax component of capital goods.</span></em></strong></span></p>\n\n<ol start=\"2\" style=\"list-style-type:lower-alpha\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><strong><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">ITC on Job Work</span></strong></span></span></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">A principal manufacturer may send goods for further processing to a job worker. For example, a shoe manufacturing company sends half-made shoes (upper part) to job workers who will fit the soles. In such a situation the principal manufacturer will be allowed to take credit of tax paid on the purchase of such goods sent on job work.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">ITC will be allowed when goods are sent to job worker<span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">&nbsp;in both the cases:</span></span></span></p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">From principal&rsquo;s place of business</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">Directly from the place of supply of the supplier of such goods</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:#f8f8f8\"><em><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">However, to enjoy ITC, the goods sent must be received back by the principal within 1 year (3 years for capital goods).</span></em></span></span></p>\n\n<ol start=\"3\" style=\"list-style-type:lower-alpha\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><strong><span style=\"color:#1e314f\">ITC Provided by Input Service Distributor (ISD)</span></strong></span></span></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">An&nbsp;<span style=\"color:black\">input service distributor</span>&nbsp;(ISD) can be the head office (mostly) or a branch office or registered office of the registered person under GST<span style=\"color:black\">. ISD collects the input tax credit</span>&nbsp;on all the purchases made and&nbsp;<span style=\"color:black\">distribute</span>&nbsp;it to all the recipients (branches) under different heads like CGST, SGST/UTGST, IGST or cess.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<ol start=\"4\" style=\"list-style-type:lower-alpha\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><strong><span style=\"color:black\">ITC on Transfer of Business</span></strong></span></span></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">This applies in cases of&nbsp;<span style=\"color:black\">amalgamations/mergers/transfer</span>&nbsp;of business. The</span><span style=\"color:#1e314f\"> transferor will have available ITC which will be passed to the transferee at the time of transfer of business<strong>.</strong></span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>','','1','8',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-27 17:08:41','2021-05-27 22:38:41'),(513,84,'<p>1 Introduction:</p>','','single','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This section presents introduction to the basics of GST.</span></p>','','1','1','Introduction','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 10:53:56','2021-11-09 10:42:12'),(514,84,'<p>1.1 Major chronological events that have led to the introduction of GST</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">GST is being introduced in the country after a 13-year long journey since it was first discussed in the report of the Kelkar Task Force on indirect taxes. A brief chronology outlining the major milestones on the proposal for introduction of GST in India is as follows:</span></p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In 2003, the Kelkar Task Force on indirect tax had suggested a comprehensive Goods and Services Tax (GST) based on VAT principle.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">A proposal to introduce a National level Goods and Services Tax (GST) by April 1, 2010 was first mooted in the Budget Speech for the financial year 2006-07.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Since the proposal involved reform/ restructuring of not only indirect taxes levied by the Centre but also the States, the responsibility of preparing a Design and Road Map for the implementation of GST was assigned to the Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers (EC).</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Based on inputs from Govt of India and States, the EC released its First Discussion Paper on Goods and Services Tax in India in November, 2009.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In order to take the GST related work further, a Joint Working Group consisting of officers from Central as well as State Government was constituted in September, 2009.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In order to amend the Constitution to enable introduction of GST, the Constitution (115th Amendment) Bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha in March 2011. As per the prescribed procedure, the Bill was referred to the Standing Committee on Finance of the Parliament for examination and report.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Meanwhile, in pursuance of the decision taken in a meeting between the Union Finance Minister and the Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers on 8th November, 2012, a &lsquo;Committee on GST Design&rsquo;, consisting of the officials of the Government of India, State Governments and the Empowered Committee was constituted.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This Committee did a detailed discussion on GST design including the Constitution (115th) Amendment Bill and submitted its report in January, 2013. Based on this Report, the EC recommended certain changes in the Constitution Amendment Bill in their meeting at Bhubaneswar in January 2013.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The Empowered Committee in the Bhubaneswar meeting also decided to constitute three committees of officers to discuss and report on various aspects of GST as follows: -</span></p>\n\n	<ol style=\"list-style-type:lower-alpha\">\n		<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n		<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Committee on Place of Supply Rules and Revenue Neutral Rates;</span></p>\n		</li>\n		<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n		<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Committee on dual control, threshold and exemptions;</span></p>\n		</li>\n		<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n		<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Committee on IGST and GST on imports.</span></p>\n		</li>\n	</ol>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The Parliamentary Standing Committee submitted its Report in August, 2013 to the Lok Sabha. The recommendations of the Empowered Committee and the recommendations of the Parliamentary Standing Committee were examined in the Ministry in consultation with the Legislative Department. Most of the recommendations made by the Empowered Committee and the Parliamentary Standing Committee were accepted and the draft Amendment Bill was suitably revised.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Based on a broad consensus reached with the Empowered Committee on the contours of the Bill, the Cabinet on 17.12.2014 approved the proposal for introduction of a Bill in the Parliament for amending the Constitution of India to facilitate the introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in the country.&nbsp; The Bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 19.12.2014, and was passed by the Lok Sabha on 06.05.2015. It was then referred to the Select Committee of Rajya Sabha, which submitted its report on 22.07.2015.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Major features of the Constitution (122nd Amendment) Bill, 2014 are as follows: </span></p>\n\n	<ol style=\"list-style-type:lower-alpha\">\n		<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n		<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Conferring simultaneous power upon Parliament and the State Legislatures to make laws governing goods and services tax;</span></p>\n		</li>\n		<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n		<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Subsuming of various Central indirect taxes and levies such as Central Excise Duty, Additional Excise Duties, Service Tax, Additional Customs Duty commonly known as Countervailing Duty, and Special Additional Duty of Customs;</span></p>\n		</li>\n		<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n		<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Subsuming of State Value Added Tax/Sales Tax, Entertainment Tax (other than the tax levied by the local bodies), Central Sales Tax (levied by the Centre and collected by the States), Octroi and Entry tax, Purchase Tax, Luxury tax, and Taxes on lottery, betting and gambling;</span></p>\n		</li>\n		<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n		<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Dispensing with the concept of &lsquo;declared goods of special importance&rsquo; under the Constitution;</span></p>\n		</li>\n		<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n		<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Levy of Integrated Goods and Services Tax on inter-State transactions of goods and services;</span></p>\n		</li>\n		<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n		<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">GST to be levied on all goods and services, except alcoholic liquor for human consumption. Petroleum and petroleum products shall be subject to the levy of GST on a later date notified on the recommendation of the Goods and Services Tax Council;</span></p>\n		</li>\n		<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n		<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Compensation to the States for loss of revenue arising on account of implementation of the Goods and Services Tax for a period of five years;</span></p>\n		</li>\n		<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n		<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Creation of Goods and Services Tax Council to examine issues relating to goods and services tax and make recommendations to the Union and the States on parameters like rates, taxes, cesses and surcharges to be subsumed, exemption list and threshold limits, Model GST laws, etc. The Council shall function under the Chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister and will have all the State Governments as Members.</span></p>\n		</li>\n	</ol>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Goods and Service Tax (GST) is applicable in India from 1st July 2017.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Before 1st July 2017, service tax applies to services and vat, excise duty, etc. apply to goods.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">After 1st July 2017, GST applies to trading and manufacturing of goods as well as on providing services.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">GST is not applicable to alcohol, crude petroleum, motor spirit, diesel, aviation turbine fuel and natural gas. VAT, CST and excise duty is still applicable to them.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Here is a list of taxes which are applicable before GST and is no longer applicable.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Central Indirect Taxes </strong>&ndash; Central Excise Duty, Additional Excise Duties, Service Tax, Additional Customs Duty (CVD), Special Additional Customs Duty, Central Surcharges and Cess</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>State Indirect Taxes</strong> &ndash; VAT/Sales Tax, Entertainment Tax, Central Sales Tax, Octroi and Entry Tax, Purchase Tax, Luxury Tax, Tax on Lottery, State Cesses and Surcharges</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Basic customs duty and anti-dumping duty is also applicable in addition to GST in case of import of goods.</span></p>','','1','1.1','Major chronological events that have led to the introduction of GST','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-24 16:16:55','2021-11-09 10:43:06'),(515,84,'1.2 Businesses who are liable to collect GST','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:96px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The persons who are required to get compulsorily register in GST is provided in GST act. All such persons are required to collect GST from their customers and pay to the government.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:96px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">A person can also register voluntarily under GST and he is also required to collect GST after registration. All provisions of the GST Act are also applicable to him.</span></p>','','1','1.2',NULL,'1','2','1','1','1','2021-04-24 11:11:21','2021-04-24 16:41:21'),(516,84,'1.3 Services on which GST is not applicable','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:72px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">GST is not applicable to certain services such as;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:72px; text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">&nbsp;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Salary and wages</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Electricity</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Interest</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Government Fees (such as MCA fees, land registration fees etc.)</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>','','1','1.3',NULL,'1','2','1','1','1','2021-04-24 11:11:43','2021-04-24 16:41:43'),(517,84,'1.4 What are 3 types of GST?? – CGST, SGST AND IGST','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The GST system in India contains three types of GST. They are;</span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n	<ul>\n		<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">&nbsp;</li>\n	</ul>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Central GST (CGST) &ndash; levied by central government</span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">State GST (SGST) &ndash; levied by a state government</span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Integrated GST (IGST) &ndash; levied by the Central government on an inter-state supply of goods and services</span></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">On a sale of goods/service either IGST is to be charged or SGST &amp; CGST both to be charged. If the business is in union territory, then UTGST will apply in place of SGST. The difference is only in name; the concept is the same.</span></p>','','1','1.4',NULL,'1','2','1','1','1','2021-04-24 11:12:09','2021-04-24 16:42:09'),(518,84,'<p>2 Applicability of different types of tax</p>','','single','html','<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"width:900px\">\n	<thead>\n		<tr>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"border-color:black; vertical-align:top; width:184px\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Transaction Type</span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top; width:184px\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Type of GST Applicable</span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top; width:184px\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Example</span></div>\n			</th>\n		</tr>\n	</thead>\n	<tbody>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:184px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Intra-state (i.e. sale within the same state)</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:184px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">CGST + SGST</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:184px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">A dealer in Delhi makes a sale to another dealer in Delhi. GST rate is 18%, so CGST of 9% and SGST of 9% will be applicable.</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:184px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Inter-state (i.e sale outside state)</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:184px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">IGST</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:184px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">A dealer in Mumbai makes a sale to a dealer in Delhi. GST rate is 5%, so 5% IGST will be applicable.</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n	</tbody>\n</table>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16193483071619348307.png\" style=\"height:575px; width:800px\" /></p>','','1','2','Applicability of different types of tax','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 10:28:01','2021-11-09 10:45:21'),(519,84,'3. Inter-state sales or Intra-state sales','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:96px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">When the location of the supplier and place of supply is the same state/union territory, then it is considered as Intra-state sales, if they are different then it is considered as inter-state sales.</span></p>','','1','3',NULL,'1','2','1','1','1','2021-04-24 11:16:15','2021-04-24 16:46:15'),(520,84,'4. What is a place of supply?','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:96px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In general, a place of supply in case of goods is the location of goods at the time at which the movement of goods terminates for delivery to the recipient. For example &ndash; A person in Gujarat sells the goods to a person in Rajasthan and therefore handover to the transport company to deliver in Rajasthan. Therefore, the place of supply is Rajasthan and it is an inter-state sale.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:96px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Place of supply in case of services will be the location of the recipient if he is a registered person. If the recipient is not a registered person, then the place of supply will be the location of the recipient where the address on record exists otherwise it will be the location of the supplier.</span></p>','','1','4',NULL,'1','2','1','1','1','2021-04-24 11:16:26','2021-04-24 16:46:26'),(521,84,'<p>5. How to calculate GST?</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">GST can be calculated simply by multiplying the Taxable amount by GST rate. If CGST &amp; SGST/UTGST is to be applied then CGST and SGST both amounts are half of the total GST amount.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">GST = Taxable Amount x GST Rate</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">If you have the amount which is already including the GST then you can calculate the GST excluding amount by below formula</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">GST excluding amount = GST including amount/ (1+ GST rate/100)</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For example, GST including amount is Rs. 525 and GST rate is 5%.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">GST excluding amount = 525/ (1+5/100) = 525/1.05 = 500</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">GST is calculated on the transaction amount and not on the MRP.</span></p>','','1','5','How to calculate GST?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-24 11:18:48','2021-11-09 11:10:18'),(522,84,'<p>1.2 Businesses who are liable to collect GST</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The persons who are required to get compulsorily register in GST is provided in GST act. All such persons are required to collect GST from their customers and pay to the government.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">A person can also register voluntarily under GST and he is also required to collect GST after registration. All provisions of the GST Act are also applicable to him.</span></p>','','1','1.2','Businesses who are liable to collect GST','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-24 16:43:23','2021-11-09 10:43:41'),(523,84,'<p>1.3 Services on which GST is not applicable</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">GST is not applicable to certain services such as;</span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">&nbsp;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Salary and wages</span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Electricity</span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Interest</span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Government Fees (such as MCA fees, land registration fees etc.)</span></li>\n</ul>','','1','1.3','Services on which GST is not applicable','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-24 16:44:21','2021-11-09 10:44:10'),(524,84,'<p>1.4 What are 3 types of GST?? &ndash; CGST, SGST AND IGST</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The GST system in India contains three types of GST. They are;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n	<ul>\n		<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">&nbsp;</li>\n	</ul>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Central GST (CGST) &ndash; levied by central government</span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">State GST (SGST) &ndash; levied by a state government</span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Integrated GST (IGST) &ndash; levied by the Central government on an inter-state supply of goods and services</span></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">On a sale of goods/service either IGST is to be charged or SGST &amp; CGST both to be charged. If the business is in union territory, then UTGST will apply in place of SGST. The difference is only in name; the concept is the same.</span></p>','','1','1.4','What are 3 types of GST?? – CGST, SGST AND IGST','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-24 16:45:35','2021-11-09 10:44:39'),(525,84,'<p>3. Inter-state sales or Intra-state sales</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">When the location of the supplier and place of supply is the same state/union territory, then it is considered as Intra-state sales, if they are different then it is considered as inter-state sales.</span></p>','','1','3','Inter-state sales or Intra-state sales','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-24 16:47:35','2021-11-09 10:53:28'),(526,84,'<p>4. What is a place of supply?</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In general, a place of supply in case of goods is the location of goods at the time at which the movement of goods terminates for delivery to the recipient. For example &ndash; A person in Gujarat sells the goods to a person in Rajasthan and therefore handover to the transport company to deliver in Rajasthan. Therefore, the place of supply is Rajasthan and it is an inter-state sale.</span></p>','','1','4','Place & Time of supply','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-24 16:48:21','2021-11-09 10:54:49'),(527,84,'<p>5.1 Calculation of GST Amount payable to Government</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">A registered person needs to pay the difference of GST on sales and GST on purchases made in a month. The purchase may be of goods, services or capital goods.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Capital goods are those goods which you had NOT purchased for the purpose of reselling. For example &ndash; Furniture in your shop, machine for production etc.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">For example, A person made intra-state sales of Rs. 1 lakh in January and collected CGST of Rs. 2,500 and SGST of Rs. 2,500 at the rate of 5%. In the same month, he had made purchases of Rs. 80,000 and paid CGST and SGST of Rs. 2,000 each at a rate of 5%. He had also paid a bill of internet of Rs. 1,000 plus GST of Rs. 180.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Rs. 4,180 is allowed as a deduction from the Gross tax payable of Rs. 5,000. And therefore, a net of Rs. 820 is payable to the government.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Deduction of GST paid on the purchase of goods, services or capital goods is called input tax credit. There are certain limitations and restrictions on taking the input tax credit. You can read more about it from here &ndash; Input Tax Credit under GST</span></p>','','1','5.1','Calculation of GST Amount payable to Government','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-24 16:51:18','2021-11-09 11:11:11'),(528,84,'<p>5.2 GST Rates</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">GST rates are as under:</span></p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n	<ol>\n		<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n		<ol>\n			<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n			<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">0% (necessity items like milk, wheat flour)</span></p>\n			</li>\n			<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n			<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">0.25% (rough diamonds)</span></p>\n			</li>\n			<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n			<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">3% (gold, silver etc.)</span></p>\n			</li>\n			<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n			<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">5%</span></p>\n			</li>\n			<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n			<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">12%</span></p>\n			</li>\n			<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n			<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">18%</span></p>\n			</li>\n			<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n			<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">28%</span></p>\n			</li>\n		</ol>\n		</li>\n	</ol>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Most of the goods fall in the category of 5%, 12% and 18%, while most of the services fall in the category of 18%. GST of 28% is applicable on some items like cement, car, tobacco. There is also a Cess which is applicable only on a handful of goods like car, tobacco, pan masala.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">There are also goods/services on which GST is applicable at NIL rate or which are exempted.</span></p>','','1','5.2','GST Rates','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 11:13:43','2021-11-09 11:14:16'),(529,84,'<p>6. Advantages/Benefits of GST</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The benefits of GST can be summarized as under:</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>','','1','6','Advantages/Benefits of GST','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 05:36:46','2021-11-09 11:14:48'),(530,84,'<p>6.2 Advantages/Benefits of GST for Central and State Governments</p>','','single','html','<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Simple and easy to administer: Multiple indirect taxes at the Central and State levels are being replaced by GST. Backed with a robust end-to-end IT system, GST would be simpler and easier to administer than all other indirect taxes of the Centre and State levied so far</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Better controls on leakage: GST will result in better tax compliance due to a robust IT infrastructure. Due to the seamless transfer of input tax credit from one stage to another in the chain of value addition, there is an in-built mechanism in the design of GST that would incentivize tax compliance by traders.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Higher revenue efficiency: GST is expected to decrease the cost of collection of tax revenues of the Government, and will therefore, lead to higher revenue efficiency.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>','','1','6.2','For Central and State Governments','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-24 17:03:23','2021-11-09 11:15:54'),(531,84,'<p>6.3 Advantages/Benefits of GST for the consumer</p>','','single','html','<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Single and transparent tax proportionate to the value of goods and services: Due to multiple indirect taxes being levied by the Centre and State, with incomplete or no input tax credits available at progressive stages of value addition, the cost of most goods and services in the country today are laden with many hidden taxes. Under GST, there would be only one tax from the manufacturer to the consumer, leading to transparency of taxes paid to the final consumer.</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Relief in overall tax burden: Because of efficiency gains and prevention of leakages, the overall tax burden on most commodities will come down, which will benefit consumers.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>','','1','6.3','For the consumer','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-24 17:04:21','2021-11-09 11:16:17'),(532,84,'<p>6.1 Advantages/Benefits of GST for business and industry</p>','','single','html','<ol>\n	<li>\n	<p>Easy compliance: A robust and comprehensive IT system would be the foundation of the GST regime in India. Therefore, all tax payer services such as registrations, returns, payments, etc. would be available to the taxpayers online, which would make compliance easy and transparent.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>Uniformity of tax rates and structures: GST will ensure that indirect tax rates and structures are common across the country, thereby increasing certainty and ease of doing business. In other words, GST would make doing business in the country tax neutral, irrespective of the choice of place of doing business.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>Removal of cascading: A system of seamless tax-credits throughout the value-chain, and across boundaries of States, would ensure that there is minimal cascading of taxes. This would reduce hidden costs of doing business.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>Improved competitiveness: Reduction in transaction costs of doing business would eventually lead to an improved competitiveness for the trade and industry.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>Gain to manufacturers and exporters: The subsuming of major Central and State taxes in GST, complete and comprehensive set-off of input goods and services and phasing out of Central Sales Tax (CST) would reduce the cost of locally manufactured goods and services. This will increase the competitiveness of Indian goods and services in the international market and give boost to Indian exports. The uniformity in tax rates and procedures across the country will also go a long way in reducing the compliance cost.</p>\n	</li>\n</ol>','','1','6.1','For business and industry','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:07:30','2021-11-09 11:15:28'),(533,84,'1.1.1.  What is GST?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a tax on the supply of goods and services. It is essentially a tax on the value addition at each stage and a supplier at each stage is permitted to claim set-off, through an input tax credit mechanism i.e. the tax paid on the purchase of goods and services is available for set-off against the tax to be paid on further supply of goods and services. The Act, Rules and the rate of GST across all Indian states including union territories are uniform.</span></p>','','1','1.1.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:11:55','2021-04-25 11:11:55'),(534,84,'1.4.1 How does GST work?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Below is an indicative illustration for levy and set-off of GST in three stages of the supply chain:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"width:900px\">\n	<thead>\n		<tr>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"border-color:black; vertical-align:top; width:129px\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>Stage of supply chain</strong></span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top; width:133px\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>Manufacturer</strong></span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top; width:126px\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>Wholesaler</strong></span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top; width:117px\">\n			<div><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>Retailer</strong></span></div>\n			</th>\n		</tr>\n	</thead>\n	<tbody>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:129px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Purchase value of input (INR) - - (A)</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:133px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>100</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:126px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>150</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:117px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>175</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:129px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Value addition (INR) - - (B)</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:133px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>50</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:126px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>25</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:117px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>15</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:129px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Sale value (INR) - - (C)</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:133px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>150</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:126px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>175</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:117px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>190</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:129px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Rate of GST - - (D)*</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:133px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>18%</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:126px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>18%</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:117px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>18%</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:129px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">GST on output (INR) - - (E = C x D)</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:133px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>27</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:126px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>31.5</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:117px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>34.2</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:129px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">GST on input (INR) - - (F = A x D)</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:133px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>18</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:126px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>27</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:117px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>31.5</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:129px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Net GST payable (i.e. tax on value addition) (INR) (G= E &ndash; F)<br />\n			&nbsp;</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:133px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>9</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:126px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>4.5</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:117px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>2.7</strong></span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n	</tbody>\n</table>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><em><span style=\"color:#333333\">*Note: It is assumed that the rate of tax is 18 per cent for calculation purpose.</span></em></span></span></p>','','1','1.4.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 10:16:35','2021-04-28 15:46:35'),(535,84,'1.4.2 What are the types of GST?','','single','html','<ul>\n	<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n	<ul style=\"list-style-type:disc\">\n		<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n		<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><strong><span style=\"color:black\">CGST:&nbsp;</span></strong><span style=\"color:black\">Central goods &amp; Service Tax which is collected by the centre.</span></span></span></p>\n		</li>\n		<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n		<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><strong><span style=\"color:black\">SGST:&nbsp;</span></strong><span style=\"color:black\">State Goods &amp; Service tax which is collected by the state.</span></span></span></p>\n		</li>\n		<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n		<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><strong><span style=\"color:black\">IGST:&nbsp;</span></strong><span style=\"color:black\">Integrated goods &amp; service tax which is collected by the centre.</span></span></span></p>\n		</li>\n	</ul>\n	</li>\n</ul>','','1','1.4.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:21:32','2021-04-25 11:21:32'),(536,84,'<p>2.1 What is Intra State supply of goods or services?</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Where the location of the supplier and place of supply of goods or services are in the same state/union territory, it is treated as intra state supply of goods or services.</span></span></span></p>','','1','2.1','What is Intra State supply of goods or services?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:23:07','2021-11-09 10:45:56'),(537,84,'<p>2.2 What is Inter-state supply of goods or services?</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Where the location of the supplier and place of supply of goods or services are in two different states or two different union territories or a state and union territory, it is treated as inter-state supply of goods or services.</span></span></span></p>','','1','2.2','What is Inter-state supply of goods or services?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:25:46','2021-11-09 10:46:43'),(538,84,'<p>2.3 How would a transaction of supply of goods and services within a particular state be taxed simultaneously under Central GST (CGST) and State GST (SGST)?</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">GST in India is based on the &lsquo;dual GST&rsquo; model wherein both the central and state governments simultaneously tax all transactions within a particular state involving the supply of goods and services under CGST Act and SGST Act, respectively. These taxes are deposited by the taxpayers electronically and go directly into the respective government&rsquo;s CGST/SGST accounts.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Under the earlier regime, the powers to tax services and manufacturing transactions were with the central government whereas the power to tax sale transactions was with state governments exclusively.</span></span></span></p>','','1','2.3','How would a transaction of supply of goods and services within a particular state be taxed simultaneously under Central GST (CGST) and State GST (SGST)?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:27:08','2021-11-09 10:47:34'),(539,84,'<p>2.4 What is the mechanism to tax interstate transactions?</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">All interstate supply of goods and services are taxed under the Integrated GST (IGST) Act. The rate of GST under the IGST Act is equal to the sum total of CGST plus SGST rates added together. The IGST is to be deposited into an IGST account administered by the central government and is distributed between the central government and the consuming states on a mutually-agreed formula.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">The collection mechanism of IGST is as under:</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">The interstate seller can utilize the input tax credit of IGST, CGST and SGST on his/her purchases to pay IGST liability</span></span></span></p>','','1','2.4','What is the mechanism to tax interstate transactions?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:28:18','2021-11-09 10:48:05'),(540,84,'<p>2.5 Which taxes have been subsumed under GST?</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">The central taxes subsumed under CGST include:</span></span></span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Central Excise duty</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Additional Excise duties</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Excise Duty levied under the Medicinal and Toiletries Preparation Act</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Service Tax levied under Chapter V of the Finance Act, 1994</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Additional Customs Duty, commonly known as Countervailing Duty (CVD)</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Special Additional Duty of Customs (SAD)</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Central Sales Tax</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Surcharges</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Central cesses.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">The state taxes subsumed under GST are:</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">VAT/Sales tax</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Entertainment tax (unless it is levied by the local bodies)</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Luxury tax</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Taxes on lotteries, betting and gambling</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">State cess and surcharges in so far as they relate to supply of goods and services</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Entry tax</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Octroi/Local body tax</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>','','1','2.5','Which taxes have been subsumed under GST?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:29:43','2021-11-09 10:48:43'),(541,84,'<p>2.6 Which goods/sectors are out of the purview of GST?</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Goods/sectors that are out of the GST ambit include alcohol and specified petroleum products i.e. petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit, aviation turbine fuel and natural gas. Petroleum products are likely to be inducted into GST at a later date. Alcohol for human consumption continues to attract state excise duty and VAT. Tobacco and tobacco based products attract both excise duty and GST. Taxes such as stamp duty, toll tax, road tax, electricity duty etc. are not part of GST.</span></p>','','1','2.6','Which goods/sectors are out of the purview of GST?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:31:43','2021-11-09 10:51:00'),(542,84,'5.2.1 What is the current rate structure under GST?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">The rate structure consists of four slabs i.e. 5, 12, 18 and 28 per cent, GST compensation cess on selected goods besides goods which are taxed at nil rate (fully exempt). GST tariff should be referred to, to know tax rate for respective goods and services.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.2.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:33:03','2021-04-25 11:33:03'),(543,84,'1.1.2  What is GSTIN?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">GSTIN means GST identification number assigned to every person registered under GST.</span></span></span></p>','','1','1.1.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:34:12','2021-04-25 11:34:12'),(544,84,'1.1.3 What is the structure of GSTIN?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">GSTIN is a 15-digit number assigned to every taxpayer registered under GST.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">First 2 digits- state code.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Next 10 digits-PAN number of the taxpayer.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">The 13th digit will be assigned based on the number of registrations of taxpayer in the state.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">The 14th digit will be Z by default. The last digit is for check code.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>','','1','1.1.3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:35:44','2021-04-25 11:35:44'),(545,84,'1.3.1 What is exempt supply?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Exempt supply means supply of any goods or services or both which attracts nil rate of tax or which may be exempt from tax and includes non-taxable supply.</span></span></span></p>','','1','1.3.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:36:52','2021-04-25 11:36:52'),(546,84,'5.2.2  What is zero rated supply?','','single','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Zero rated supply means any of the following supplies of goods or services or both:</span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>&nbsp; Export of goods or services or both.</li>\n	<li><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp;Supply of goods or services or both to a SEZ developer or SEZ unit.</span><br />\n	&nbsp;</li>\n</ul>','','1','5.2.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:39:53','2021-04-25 11:39:53'),(547,84,'<p>2.7 What is taxable event under GST?</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Taxable event under GST is supply of goods or services or both. CGST and SGST/UTGST will be levied on intra state supplies. IGST will be levied on inter- state supplies.</span></span></span></p>','','1','2.7','What is taxable event under GST?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:40:58','2021-11-09 10:51:42'),(548,84,'<p>2.8 What is meant by reverse charge?</p>','','single','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Reverse charge means liability to pay taxes is on the recipient of goods or services instead of supplier of goods or services in notified transactions.</span></p>','','1','2.8','What is meant by reverse charge?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:43:42','2021-11-09 10:52:10'),(549,84,'<p>2.9 Who will pay the tax liability if the receipt of supply is from unregistered persons?</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">If the receipt of supply is from an unregistered person, then the registered person who is receiving goods or services is liable to pay tax under reverse charge.</span></span></span></p>','','1','2.9','Who will pay the tax liability if the receipt of supply is from unregistered persons?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:44:49','2021-11-09 10:52:55'),(550,84,'2.10 Can a person without GST registration claim ITC and collect tax?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">No, a person without GST registration can neither claim ITC nor collect GST from his customers.</span></span></span></p>','','1','2.10',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:45:54','2021-04-25 11:45:54'),(551,84,'2.11 What is the penalty for not filing GST returns within due date?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Any registered person who fails to furnish the returns within the due dates shall be liable to pay a penalty of Rs 100 per day subject to a maximum of Rs 5000.</span></span></span></p>','','1','2.11',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:47:13','2021-04-25 11:47:13'),(552,84,'2.12 What is Annual return and the due date of filing Annual return?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">All taxpayers filing return in GSTR 1 to GSTR 3 are required to file an annual return. However, the following persons are not required to file annual return</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Casual taxable persons.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Non-resident Taxable persons.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">ISD.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Persons authorized to deduct or collect tax at source.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Annual return needs to be filed by the 31<sup>st</sup>&nbsp;December of next financial year.</span></span></span></p>','','1','2.12',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:49:29','2021-04-25 11:49:29'),(553,84,'2.13 What is the due date of payment of GST?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Payment should be made on or before 20th of every month.</span></span></span></p>','','1','2.13',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:50:36','2021-04-25 11:50:36'),(554,84,'2.14 What is electronic cash ledger?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Electronic cash ledger means a summary of all the deposits or payments made by a taxpayer. It is maintained on GST portal.</span></span></span></p>','','1','2.14',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:51:37','2021-04-25 11:51:37'),(555,84,'2.15 Are physical challans allowed under GST regime?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Manual or physical challans are not allowed under GST regime. It is mandatory to pay the challan online.</span></span></span></p>','','1','2.15',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:52:40','2021-04-25 11:52:40'),(556,84,'2.16 How many challans are prescribed for various tax payments under GST?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">There is a single challan prescribed for CGST, SGST, IGST, interest, penalty etc under GST regime.</span></span></span></p>','','1','2.16',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:54:05','2021-04-25 11:54:05'),(557,84,'5.1.1 Can the taxpayer utilize the amount available in one major head against other major head or minor head liability?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">No, the taxpayer cannot utilize the amount available in one major head for discharging the liability of other major head or minor head. For example, amount available in CGST cannot be utilized for paying the liability under SGST or IGST or interest.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.1.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:55:25','2021-04-25 11:55:25'),(558,84,'5.2.3 What is Electronic credit ledger?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Electronic credit leger means summary of the input credit available to registered taxable person. It is maintained on GST portal.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.2.3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:56:42','2021-04-25 11:56:42'),(559,84,'5.2.4 What is electronic liability register?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Electronic liability register means details of total tax liability of a taxpayer for the month. It is maintained on GTS portal.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.2.4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 11:57:58','2021-04-25 11:57:58'),(560,84,'5.1.2 What is input Tax?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Input Tax means CGST, SGST, IGST or UTGST paid on inward supplies of goods or services of a registered person. It also includes tax paid on reverse charge basis and import of goods or services.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.1.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 11:12:35','2021-04-28 16:42:35'),(561,84,'5.1.3 Can the taxpayer registered under GST claim the credit of input tax paid on the goods or services?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">A registered person can take the credit of all input tax paid by him on the goods or services which are used or intended to be used in the course of business subject to conditions.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.1.3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 12:00:27','2021-04-25 12:00:27'),(562,84,'5.1.4 Does Input tax includes tax paid on input goods, input services and capital goods?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Yes, it includes taxes paid on input goods, input services and capital goods.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.1.4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 12:01:26','2021-04-25 12:01:26'),(563,84,'5.1.5 Where the goods against an invoice are received in lots or instalments, how will a registered person have entitled to ITC?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">The registered person shall be entitled to the credit only upon receipt of last instalment.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.1.5',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 12:02:24','2021-04-25 12:02:24'),(564,84,'5.1.6 What is the manner of utilization of ITC?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">ITC of IGST can be used to pay the liability of</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">IGST</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">CGST</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">SGST</span></span></span></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">ITC of CGST can be used to pay the liability of</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">CGST</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">IGST</span></span></span></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">ITC of SGST can be used to pay the liability of</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">SGST</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">IGST</span></span></span></li>\n</ul>','','1','5.16',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 12:05:24','2021-04-25 12:05:24'),(565,84,'1.4.3 What is an invoice?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">An invoice is a commercial instrument issued by a supplier of goods/services to recipient. It consists of supplier and buyer details, description and quantity of items sold, date of shipment, prices, discounts, delivery and payment terms.</span></span></span></p>','','1','1.4.3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 12:06:27','2021-04-25 12:06:27'),(566,84,'1.4.4 Can the unregistered person issue tax invoice?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">No, the unregistered person cannot issue tax invoice.</span></span></span></p>','','1','1.4.4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 12:07:25','2021-04-25 12:07:25'),(567,84,'1.4.5  What is bill of supply?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Bill of supply should be issued instead of tax invoice in case of the following supplies:</span></span></span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Supply of exempted goods/services.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Supplies made by composition supplier.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>','','1','1.4.5',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:32:21','2021-04-25 15:32:21'),(568,84,'1.4.6 What are the circumstances in which a credit note can be issued?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">For issuing a credit note, an invoice should have been issued earlier. A credit note may be issued in the following cases:</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Taxable invoice in invoice &gt; Taxable value in respect of such supply.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Tax charged in invoice &gt; Tax payable in respect of such supply.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">When the goods supplied by the supplier are returned by the recipient.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Where the goods or services or both found to be deficient.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>','','1','1.4.6',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:34:07','2021-04-25 15:34:07'),(569,84,'1.4.7 What are the circumstances in which a debit can be issued?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">For issuing a debit note, an invoice should have been issued earlier. A debit note may be issued in the following circumstances:</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Taxable invoice in invoice &lt; Taxable value in respect of such supply.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Tax charged in invoice &lt; Tax payable in respect of such supply.</span></span></span></li>\n</ul>','','1','1.4.7',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:35:37','2021-04-25 15:35:37'),(570,84,'1.4.8 What are the contents of Tax invoice?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">The tax invoice should contain the following details:</span></span></span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Name, address, GSTIN of the supplier.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Consecutive Serial Number unique for a financial year.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Date of Issue.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Name and address of the recipient.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">GSTIN / UID of the recipient, if registered.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">HSN code of Goods or Accounting Code of Services.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Description of Goods / Services.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Quantity and Unit (or Unique Quantity Code) in case of Goods.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Total Value of Goods and Services.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Post discount/abatement taxable value of Goods and Services.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Rate of Tax and Amount of Tax Charged.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Place of Supply along with the name of the State if the supply is an inter-State supply.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Place of delivery if different from place of supply.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Whether tax is payable on reverse charge.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Signature/Digital Signature of the Supplier or his authorised representative.</span></span></span></li>\n</ul>','','1','1.4.8',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:37:11','2021-04-25 15:37:11'),(571,84,'5.1.7 What is the time limit for availing Input Tax credit?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">The time limit for availing ITC is due date of filing of return for the month of September of succeeding financial year or date of filing of the relevant annual return whichever is earlier.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.1.7',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:38:22','2021-04-25 15:38:22'),(572,84,'1.4.9 What is the general time limit for raising invoices?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><strong><span style=\"color:#333333\">Supply of goods:</span></strong></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">When the supply of goods involves movement of goods, invoice should be issued before or at the time or removal of goods.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">When the supply of goods involves delivery or making available, then invoice should be issued before or at the time of delivery.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><strong><span style=\"color:#333333\">Supply of Services: </span></strong><span style=\"color:#333333\">&nbsp;Invoice should be issued within 30 days of supply of service.</span></span></span></p>','','1','1.4.9',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 10:11:38','2021-04-25 15:41:38'),(573,84,'1.4.10 What is composite supply?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">It means supply which consists of two or more supplies in conjunction with each other. One of the supplies is principal supply and tax liability shall be at the rate of principal supply. For example, charges supplied along with mobile phones.</span></span></span></p>','','1','1.4.10',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:43:00','2021-04-25 15:43:00'),(574,84,'1.4.11  What is mixed supply?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">It consists of two or more supply which can be supplied independently still supplied together. Tax liability is applicable to the supply that attracts highest rate of tax. For example, gift consisting of sweets and chocolates.</span></span></span></p>','','1','1.4.11',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:44:02','2021-04-25 15:44:02'),(575,84,'1.4.12 What are HSN / SAC codes?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">HSN means Harmonized System Nomenclature for goods. SAC means Service Accounting Codes for services.</span></span></span></p>','','1','1.4.12',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 10:21:52','2021-04-28 15:51:52'),(576,84,'1.4.13 Is it compulsory to mention HSN/ SAC codes?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">The board or commissioner by notification may specify the number of digits of HSN/SAC code that a taxpayer is required to mention.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Dealers with annual turnover up to Rs 1.5 crore &ndash; not required to mention HSN code.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Dealers with annual turnover between 1.5 crore to 5 crores- mention first two digits of HSN code.</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:black\">Dealers with annual turnover more than 5 crores &ndash; mention four digits of HSN code.</span></span></span></li>\n</ul>','','1','1.4.13',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 10:22:25','2021-04-28 15:52:25'),(577,84,'1.4.14 What is the threshold limit for opting composition scheme?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Small taxpayers whose aggregate turnover in the preceding financial year does not cross 75 lakhs can register under Composition scheme.</span></span></span></p>','','1','1.4.14',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:48:32','2021-04-25 15:48:32'),(578,84,'5.2.5 When will the person registered under composition scheme have to pay tax?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">The person registered under composition scheme has to pay the tax on quarterly basis on or before 18th of the succeeding quarter.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.2.5',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:49:39','2021-04-25 15:49:39'),(579,84,'5.2.6 Can the registered person under composition scheme claim input tax credit?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">No, the registered person under composition scheme is not eligible to claim input tax credit.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.2.6',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:50:40','2021-04-25 15:50:40'),(580,84,'5.2.7 Can the composition tax be collected from customers?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">No, the registered person under composition scheme is not permitted to collect tax. It means they cannot issue tax invoices.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.2.7',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:51:56','2021-04-25 15:51:56'),(581,84,'5.2.8 What is the threshold limit and composition scheme under GST?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">The minimum threshold is INR2 million of aggregate turnover in a financial year. However, in certain states the limit is reduced to INR1 million. Composition scheme is available for turnovers up to INR15 million and rate of tax is as specified under Section 10 of the CGST Act.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Section 23 of the CGST Act specifies persons who are not required to be registered (e.g. a farmer, a person having wholly exempt turnover, etc.) Section 24 of the CGST Act specifies persons who are required to register irrespective of the turnover (e.g. persons making interstate supply, casual taxable persons, non-resident taxable persons, etc.)</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.2.8',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:53:28','2021-04-25 15:53:28'),(582,84,'5.2.9 How are imports taxed under GST?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Under the current GST regime, though the levy of Basic Customs Duty (BCD) on import of goods is continued, the additional customs duty and the Special Additional Duty (SAD) is replaced by IGST. While the full set-off is available of the IGST paid on import of goods and services, BCD paid on import is not eligible for set-off. In the case of import of services, an IGST on reverse charge basis is levied and credit of the same is available to the importer-recipient in accordance with the law.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.2.9',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:54:45','2021-04-25 15:54:45'),(583,84,'5.1.8 How does the credit mechanism work under GST?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Both CGST and SGST are two parallel taxes under the &lsquo;dual GST&rsquo; regime levied at the same time on goods and services. Therefore, the cross utilisation of CGST input tax credit for payment of SGST output tax liability and vice versa is not permitted. However, the IGST credit pool is fungible with CGST and SGST and the same can be used for payment of IGST, CGST and SGST and vice versa. The order of utilisation of the IGST credit will be first towards IGST, then CGST and the balance towards SGST liability. Similarly SGST credit can be utilised first towards SGST liability and then towards IGST, whereas a CGST credit will be used first toward CGST and then towards IGST.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.1.8',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:56:08','2021-04-25 15:56:08'),(584,84,'1.1 Why does the introduction of GST require a Constitutional Amendment?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">The Indian Constitution clearly demarcates the powers of taxation between the central and state governments. While the centre is empowered to tax services and goods up to the stage of production, the states are authorised to levy tax on the sale of goods exclusively. The states do not have the power to levy tax on supply of services while the centre does not have power to levy tax on the sale of goods. Under the &lsquo;dual GST&rsquo; regime, all services and goods are simultaneously taxed by both state and central governments. Therefore, it was mandatory for the restriction imposed by the Constitution to be amended to enable the states and central governments to tax goods and services simultaneously.</span></span></span></p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:57:26','2021-04-25 15:57:26'),(585,84,'<p>4.1 What is the time of supply for levying GST on the supply of goods?</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">In the erstwhile regime, India followed an origin-based tax system and therefore the point of taxation was at the origin of sale and the originating state kept the tax so collected, irrespective of where the consumer is located. Under the present GST regime, which is a multi-point levy (i.e. levied at each value addition in the value chain), the tax moves with goods and is credited to the account of the destination state based on the place of supply as determined under the IGST Act. GST is charged on supply and point of levy is determined as per time of supply under Section 12 of the CGST Act.</span></span></span></p>','','1','4.1','What is the time of supply for levying GST on the supply of goods?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:58:42','2021-11-09 10:55:19'),(586,84,'<p>4.2 What is the point of levy of GST on supply of services?</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">GST on services is a tax on supply and the liability to pay GST arises in terms of Section 13 of the CGST Act. The revenue is remitted to the state where the service is consumed based on the place of supply as determined under the IGST Act. By default, the place of supply of services is the place where the service recipient is located in the case of B2B transactions. However, there are few exceptions to this rule.</span></span></span></p>','','1','4.2','What is the point of levy of GST on supply of services?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 15:59:46','2021-11-09 11:00:08'),(587,84,'1.4.15 What is the process of registration under the present GST regime for new businesses/applicants?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Each taxpayer is allotted a state-wise Permanent Account Number (PAN) based 15-digit Goods and Services Taxpayer Identification Number (GSTIN). Those taxpayers who were already registered under the erstwhile state or central tax regime, have migrated to the common portal and granted GST registration suo moto with a request to provide additional information where ever required.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">A new applicant can apply for registration on the common portal without prior enrolment.</span></span></span></p>','','1','1.4.15',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:00:52','2021-04-25 16:00:52'),(588,84,'1.4.16 What is the process of registration under GST for existing businesses/applicants?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Under the erstwhile regime, taxpayers were separately registered with the state and/or with central tax administrations or with both based on their business activity. In the GST regime, a taxpayer is required to obtain state-wise single registration. Even within a state, the taxpayer has an option to obtain multiple registrations for different businesses, if required.</span></span></span></p>','','1','1.4.16',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:01:54','2021-04-25 16:01:54'),(589,84,'1.4.17 What are the contents of a tax invoice to be issued under the GST regime?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">A registered supplier supplying taxable goods/services shall issue at the time of supply, a tax invoice showing complete details of the transaction viz., name, address and GSTIN of the supplier, name, address and GSTIN of the buyer/service recipient, date of invoice, value of goods or service, description of goods or service, HSN classification, rate of CGST, SGST or IGST, tax amount, signature of the taxpayer, etc.</span></span></span></p>','','1','1.4.17',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:03:13','2021-04-25 16:03:13'),(590,84,'2.17 What is the mode of payment of tax?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">The payment of tax is in an electronic mode with a common &lsquo;challan&rsquo; (i.e. document for payment of taxes) for all the taxes under three different modes of payment:</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Internet banking including credit card/debit cards</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Payments through RTGS/NEFT</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Over the counter payments (for payments up to INR 10,000/- per tax period) in cash cheque or Demand Draft (DD)</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>','','1','2.17',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 10:34:33','2021-04-28 16:04:33'),(591,84,'5.2.10 How are exports taxed under GST?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Exports are zero rated under GST which means that there shall not be taxed and input taxes will be refunded.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.2.10',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:06:11','2021-04-25 16:06:11'),(592,84,'5.2.11 When can a taxpayer claim a refund in the GST regime? How will the refund procedure work under the proposed GST law?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">The refund regime is simplified under GST as opposed to the erstwhile manual refund processing system. The refund can be obtained in the following two scenarios:</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Refunds on exports</span></span></span></li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Refunds of accumulated input tax credit in case of an inverted duty structure</span></span></span></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Refund claims can be submitted online.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.2.11',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:07:54','2021-04-25 16:07:54'),(593,84,'5.2.12 How does the dispute resolution mechanism work under the proposed GST regime?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">There is an &rsquo;Advance Ruling mechanism&rsquo; put in place in each state. An elaborate adjudication and appellate procedure are prescribed under the GST law. A separate appellate Tribunal called the Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal has also been formed to deal with GST disputes.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.2.12',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:09:22','2021-04-25 16:09:22'),(594,84,'5.2.13 What happened to various exemptions including area-based exemptions granted in the erstwhile regime, under the GST framework?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">The GST regime does not allow any tax exemptions for investments/operations in any specific area. However, incentives can be offered by the states as part of industrial policy which may inter-alia include refund of the tax paid by the taxpayer in the form of industrial subsidy.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">As of now, units in the erstwhile excise-free zones will have to pay GST, including Central GST. They have to claim a refund of the CGST component later, based on guidelines issued by the central government.</span></span></span></p>','','1','5.2.13',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:10:36','2021-04-25 16:10:36'),(595,84,'<p>4.3 What is time of supply?</p>','','single','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">It is the point when the liability to charge GST arises. It indicates the time when the supply (taxable event) is deemed to have been made.</span></span></span></p>','','1','4.3','What is time of supply?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 10:50:05','2021-11-09 11:01:13'),(596,84,'<p>4.4 What is the time of supply with respect to supply of goods?</p>','','single','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Vide section 12 of the CGST/SGST Act, time of supply in case of goods, shall be earlier of the following:</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Date of issue of invoices by the supplier or the last date on which he/she is required to issue the invoices under section 31, with respect to the supply; or</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Date on which the supplier receives the payment with respect to the supply.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Vide Notification No. 66/2017-Central Tax dated 15 November 2017, the government has practically done away with the liability to pay tax at the time of receipt of payment in case of goods.</span></span></span></p>','','1','4.4','What is the time of supply with respect to supply of goods?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 10:51:18','2021-11-09 11:01:49'),(597,84,'<p>4.5 What is the time of supply with respect to supply of services?</p>','','single','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Vide section 13 of the CGST/SGST Act, time of supply in case of services, shall be the earlier of the following:</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul style=\"list-style-type:disc\">\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Date of issue of invoice by the supplier if the invoice is issued within the period prescribed under section 31(2) or the date of receipt of payment whichever is earlier; or</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Date of provision of service, if the invoice is not issued within the period prescribed under section 31(2) or the date of receipt of payment whichever is earlier; or</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Date on which the recipient shows the receipt of services in his books of accounts, in case where both the above provisions do not apply</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Note &ndash; Separate time of supply have been prescribed for supply of vouchers, reverse charge mechanism and addition to value of supply by way of interest, late fee, penalty or delayed payment of consideration.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>','','1','4.5','What is the time of supply with respect to supply of services?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 11:08:19','2021-11-09 11:02:20'),(598,84,'<p>4.6 Where it is not possible to determine the time of supply as above, how will the same be determined?</p>','','single','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Basis the residual entry, time of supply shall be</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">if periodical return has been filed, then the due date of filing such periodical return; or</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">date in which CGST/SGST/IGST liability is actually paid, in all other cases.</span></span></span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>','','1','4.6','Time of supply for cases where it is difficult to determine using usual means','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 11:08:58','2021-11-09 11:07:47'),(599,84,'<p>4.7 Need for determining the place of supply under the GST law?</p>','','single','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">GST is a consumption-based tax, it would effectively tax the consumption of such supplies at the destination thereof or as the case may be at the point of consumption. Place of supply provision determines the place i.e. taxable jurisdiction to which the tax should be allocated.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">The place of supply determines whether a transaction is intra-state or interstate. In other words, the place of supply of goods or services, is required to determine whether it is an intra-state supply, subject to CGST plus SGST or would it be an interstate supply attracting IGST.</span></span></span></p>','','1','4.7','Need for determining the place of supply under the GST law','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 11:09:27','2021-11-09 11:08:22'),(600,84,'<p>4.8 What would constitute as place of supply where goods are removed?</p>','','single','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Place of supply of goods shall be the location of the goods at the time at which the movement of goods terminates for delivery to the recipient.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">In case goods are supplied on board a conveyance viz. vessel, aircraft, train or motor vehicle, place of supply shall be the location at which goods are taken on board a conveyance.</span></span></span></p>','','1','4.8','What would constitute as place of supply where goods are removed?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 11:09:57','2021-11-09 11:08:54'),(601,84,'<p>4.9 What would constitute as place of supply if the goods are delivered by the supplier to a person on the directive of a third person?</p>','','single','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">The goods shall be deemed to have been delivered to such third person, accordingly the place of supply shall be the principal place of business of such third person.</span></span></span></p>','','1','4.9','Place of supply if the goods are delivered by the supplier to a person on the directive of a third person','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 11:10:28','2021-11-09 11:09:49'),(602,84,'4.10 What is the place of supply in respect to B2B supply of services?','','single','html','<p style=\"list-style-type:none\">???????<span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Place of supply of services is determined on the basis presumption prescribed under the IGST law. The presumption in case of supplies to registered person is the location of such person. Since the recipient is registered, address of recipient is always there and the same can be taken as place of supply.</span></span></span></p>','','1','4.10',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 11:11:10','2021-04-28 16:41:10'),(603,84,'4.11 What constitutes as the place of supply in respect to B2C supply of services?','','single','html','<p style=\"list-style-type:none\">???????<span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">With respect to an unregistered recipient, the usual place of supply is the location of the recipient. However, in many cases, address of the recipient is not available, in such cases, location of the supplier of services is taken as a proxy for place of supply.</span></span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"color:#333333\"><strong>Note </strong>&ndash; Separate place of supply rules have been prescribed for services provided in relation to immovable property, services by way of organising an event held in multiple states, services supplies on board a conveyance, services by way of transportation of goods and passenger transportation services.</span></span></span></p>','','1','4.11',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-28 11:11:34','2021-04-28 16:41:34'),(604,85,'<p>1. Time of Supply</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:13px; margin-right:3px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In order to calculate and discharge tax liability, it is important to know the date when the tax liability arises i.e. the date on which the charging event has occured. In GST law, it is known as Time of Supply. The GST law has provided separate provisions to determine the time of supply of goods and time of supply of services. Section 12, 13 &amp; 14 of the Central GST Act, 2017 (CGST Act) deals with the provisions related to time of supply and by virtue of Section 20 of the Integrated GST Act, 2017 (IGST Act) these provisions are also applicable for the IGST Act. Point of time when supplier receives the payment or date of receipt of payment. The phrase &ldquo;the date on which supplier receives the payment&rdquo; or &ldquo;the date of receipt of payment&rdquo; means the date on which payment is entered in his books of accounts or the date on which the payment is credited to his bank account, whichever is earlier.</span></p>','','1','1','Time of Supply','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:31:50','2021-11-09 10:22:05'),(605,85,'<p>1.1 Time of issue of invoice for supply</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:13px; margin-right:3px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">As per section 31 of the CGST Act, an invoice for supply of goods needs to be issued before or at the time of removal of goods for supply to the recipient, where the supply involves movement of goods. However, in other cases, an invoice needs to be issued before or at the time of delivery of goods or while making goods available to the recipient. Similarly an invoice for supply of services needs to be issued before or after the provision of service but not later than thirty days from the date of provision of service.</span></p>','','1','1.1','Time of issue of invoice for supply','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:33:04','2021-11-09 10:23:18'),(606,85,'<p>1.2 Time of supply of goods (Default Rule)</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:13px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Earliest of the following dates:</strong></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:13px; text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Date of issue of invoice by the supplier. If the invoice is not issued, then the last date on which the supplier is legally bound to issue the invoice with respect to the supply</span></p>\n	</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Date on which the supplier receives the payment.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>','','1','1.2','Time of supply of goods (Default Rule)','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:34:55','2021-11-09 10:24:10'),(607,85,'<p>1.3 Time of supply of services (Default Rule)</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:13px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Earliest of the following dates</strong>:</span></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Date of issue of invoice by the supplier (If the invoice is issued within the legally prescribed period under section 31(2) of the CGST Act) or the date of receipt of payment, whichever is earlier.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Date of provision of service (If the invoice is not issued within the legally prescribed period under section 31(2) of the CGST Act) or the date of receipt of payment, whichever is earlier.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Date on which the recipient shows the receipt of service in his books of account, in case the aforesaid two provisions do not apply.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:48px\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:37px; margin-right:13px; text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The supply of goods or services shall be deemed to have been made to the extent it is covered by the invoice or by the payment, as the case may be. For example, Firm &lsquo;A&rsquo; receives an advance of Rs. 2500/- on 29.07.17 for goods worth Rs. 10000/- to be supplied in the month of September, then it is deemed that firm &lsquo;A&rsquo; has made a supply of Rs. 2500/- on 29.07.17 and tax liability on Rs. 2500/- is to be discharged by 20.08.17.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:36px; text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Although tax is payable on any advance received for a supply of goods or services, however for the convenience of trade, it is provided that if a supplier of taxable goods or services receives an amount upto Rs. 1000/- in excess of the amount indicated on the tax invoice, then the supplier has an option to take the date of issue of invoice in respect of such supply as the time of supply. For example, if a supplier has received an amount of Rs. 1500/- against an invoice of Rs.1100/- on 25.07.17 and the date of invoice of next supply to the said recipient is 14.08.17, then he has an option to treat the time of supply w.r.t Rs. 400/- either as 25.07.17 or 14.08.17.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>','','1','1.3','Time of supply of services (Default Rule)','1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-27 17:17:00','2021-11-09 10:24:44'),(608,85,'<p>1.4 Time of supply of goods when tax is to be paid on reverse charge basis</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:7px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Earliest of the following dates:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Date of receipt of goods</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Date on which the payment is entered in the books of accounts of the recipient or the date on which the payment is debited in his bank account, whichever is earlier</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Date immediately following 30 days from the date of issue of invoice or any other legal document in lieu of invoice by the supplier</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:8px; margin-right:3px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">However, if it is not possible to determine the time of supply in aforesaid manner, then the time of supply is the date of entry of the transaction in the books of accounts of the recipient of supply.</span></p>','','1','1.4','Time of supply of goods when tax is to be paid on reverse charge basis','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:38:35','2021-11-09 10:25:43'),(609,85,'<p>1.5 Time of supply of services when tax is to be paid on reverse charge basis</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:7px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Earliest of the following dates:</strong></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Date of payment as entered in the books of account of the recipient or the date on which the payment is debited in his bank account, whichever is earlier</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Date immediately following 60 days from the date of issue of invoice or any other legal document in lieu of invoice by the supplier</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:8px; margin-right:3px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">However, if it is not possible to determine the time of supply in aforesaid manner, then the time of supply is the date of entry of the transaction in the books of accounts of the recipient of supply.</span></p>','','1','1.5','Time of supply of services when tax is to be paid on reverse charge basis','1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-27 17:22:47','2021-11-09 10:26:30'),(610,85,'<p>1.6 Time of supply of services in case of supply by Associated Enterprises located outside India</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:8px; margin-right:3px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In this case, the time of supply is the date of entry in the books of account of the recipient or the date of payment, whichever is earlier.</span></p>','','1','1.6','Time of supply of services in case of supply by Associated Enterprises located outside India','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:41:04','2021-11-09 10:27:01'),(611,85,'<p>1.7 Time of supply in case of supply of vouchers</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:8px; margin-right:12px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">A voucher has been defined in the CGST Act as an instrument where there is an obligation to accept it as consideration or part consideration for a supply of goods or services or both, and where the goods or services or both to be supplied or the identities of their potential suppliers are either indicated on the instrument itself or in related documentation, including the terms and conditions of use of such instrument. Vouchers are commonly used for transaction in the Indian economy. A shopkeeper may issue vouchers for a specific supply i.e. supply which is identifiable at the time of issuance of voucher. In trade parlance, these are known as single purpose vouchers. For example, vouchers for pressure cookers or television or for spa or haircut. Similarly a voucher can be a general purpose voucher which can be used for multiple purposes. For example a Rs. 1000/- voucher issued by Shopper&rsquo;s Stop store can be used for buying any product or service at any Shopper&rsquo;s Stop store. The time of supply is different in case of single purpose voucher and in the case of general purpose voucher.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:8px; margin-right:12px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Time of supply in the case of single purpose voucher i.e. case where supply is identifiable at the time of issuance of voucher is the date of issue of voucher. However, in all other cases of supply of vouchers, the time of supply is the date of redemption of voucher.</span></p>','','1','1.7','Time of supply in case of supply of vouchers','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:42:08','2021-11-09 10:27:45'),(612,85,'<p>1.8 Time of supply of goods or services (Residual provisions)</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:8px; margin-right:12px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In case it is not possible to determine the time of supply under aforesaid provisions, the time of supply is:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Due date of filing of return, in case where periodical return has to be filed</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Date of payment of tax in all other cases.</span></p>\n	</li>\n</ul>','','1','1.8','Time of supply of goods or services (Residual provisions)','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:42:59','2021-11-09 10:28:18'),(613,85,'<p>1.9 Time of supply of goods or services related to an addition in the value of supply by way of interest, late fees or penalty</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:8px; margin-right:12px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Time of supply related to an addition in the value of supply by way of interest, late fee or penalty for delayed payment of any consideration shall be the date on which supplier receives such addition in value. For example, a supplier receives consideration in the month of September instead of due date of July and for such delay he is eligible to receive an interest amount of Rs. 1000/- and the said amount is received on 15.12.17. The time of supply of such amount (Rs. 1000/-) will be 15.12.17 i.e. the date on which it is received by the supplier and tax liability on this is to be discharged by 20.01.18.</span></p>','','1','1.9','Time of supply of goods or services related to an addition in the value of supply by way of interest, late fees or penalty','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:47:47','2021-11-09 10:37:21'),(614,85,'1.10 Change in Rate of Tax in respect of supply of goods or services','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:8px; margin-right:15px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The normal time of supply rules changes if there is a change in the rate of tax of supply of goods or services. In this scenario, time of supply has to be determined in the following manner:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:8px; margin-right:387px; text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:7px; text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:7px; text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"margin-left:7px; text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"Table\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; border:none; margin-left:1px; width:900px\">\n	<caption>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Supply is completed before the change in rate of tax</span></p>\n	</caption>\n	<thead>\n		<tr>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#fcaf17; height:72px; vertical-align:top; width:113px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:6px; margin-right:7px\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Invoice <span style=\"color:black\">issued before the date of change in tax rate</span></span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#fcaf17; height:72px; vertical-align:top; width:102px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:5px; margin-right:18px\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><span style=\"color:black\">Payment received before the date of change in tax rate</span></span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#fcaf17; height:72px; vertical-align:top; width:102px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-right:38px\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><span style=\"color:black\">Time of supply</span></span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#fcaf17; border-color:initial; height:72px; vertical-align:top; width:144px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-right:24px\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><span style=\"color:black\">Applicable </span>&nbsp;<span style=\"color:black\">rate of tax</span></span></div>\n			</th>\n		</tr>\n	</thead>\n	<tbody>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:2px solid #fcaf17; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:2px solid #fcaf17; height:62px; vertical-align:top; width:113px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:5px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">No</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:2px solid #fcaf17; height:62px; vertical-align:top; width:102px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:5px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">No</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:2px solid #fcaf17; height:62px; vertical-align:top; width:102px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-right:19px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Earliest of the date of invoice or payment</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:2px solid #fcaf17; height:62px; vertical-align:top; width:144px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-right:16px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">New rate of tax</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:2px solid #fcaf17; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:none; height:33px; vertical-align:top; width:113px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:5px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Yes</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:none; height:33px; vertical-align:top; width:102px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">No</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:none; height:33px; vertical-align:top; width:102px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-right:9px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Date of issue of invoice</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:none; height:33px; vertical-align:top; width:144px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:5px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Old tax rate</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:2px solid #fcaf17; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:none; height:48px; vertical-align:top; width:113px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:5px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">No</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:none; height:48px; vertical-align:top; width:102px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Yes</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:none; height:48px; vertical-align:top; width:102px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-right:27px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Date of receipt of payment</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:none; height:48px; vertical-align:top; width:144px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:5px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Old tax rate</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n	</tbody>\n</table>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"Table\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; border:none; margin-left:11px; width:900px\">\n	<caption>\n	<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Supply is completed after the change in rate of tax</span></p>\n	</caption>\n	<thead>\n		<tr>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#fcaf17; height:97px; vertical-align:top; width:139px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:6px; margin-right:3px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong>Invoice <span style=\"color:black\">issued before the date of change in tax rate</span></strong></span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#fcaf17; height:97px; vertical-align:top; width:114px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:5px; margin-right:4px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong><span style=\"color:black\">Payment received before the date of change in tax rate</span></strong></span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#fcaf17; height:97px; vertical-align:top; width:90px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-right:38px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong><span style=\"color:black\">Time of<strong> </strong>supply</span></strong></span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#fcaf17; border-color:initial; height:97px; vertical-align:top; width:126px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-right:7px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong><span style=\"color:black\">Applicable rate of tax</span></strong></span></div>\n			</th>\n		</tr>\n	</thead>\n	<tbody>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:2px solid #fcaf17; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:2px solid #fcaf17; height:47px; vertical-align:top; width:139px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:5px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Yes</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:2px solid #fcaf17; height:47px; vertical-align:top; width:114px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:5px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Yes</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:2px solid #fcaf17; height:47px; vertical-align:top; width:90px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-right:6px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Earliest of the date of invoice or payment</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:2px solid #fcaf17; height:47px; vertical-align:top; width:126px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:1px; margin-right:2px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Old rate of tax</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:2px solid #fcaf17; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:none; height:33px; vertical-align:top; width:139px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:5px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Yes</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:none; height:33px; vertical-align:top; width:114px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">No</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:none; height:33px; vertical-align:top; width:90px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-right:5px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Date of receipt of payment</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:none; height:33px; vertical-align:top; width:126px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:4px; margin-right:2px; text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">New rate of tax</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n	</tbody>\n</table>\n\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"Table\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; border:none; margin-left:9px; margin-right:9px; width:900px\">\n	<thead>\n		<tr>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#fcaf17; height:97px; vertical-align:top; width:150px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:6px; margin-right:3px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong><span style=\"color:black\">Invoice issued before the date of change in tax rate</span></strong></span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#fcaf17; height:97px; vertical-align:top; width:106px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:5px; margin-right:4px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong><span style=\"color:black\">Payment received before the date of change in tax rate</span></strong></span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#fcaf17; height:97px; vertical-align:top; width:104px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-right:38px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong><span style=\"color:black\">Time of<strong> </strong>supply</span></strong></span></div>\n			</th>\n			<th scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#fcaf17; border-color:initial; height:97px; vertical-align:top; width:120px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-right:7px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong><span style=\"color:black\">Applicable rate of tax</span></strong></span></div>\n			</th>\n		</tr>\n	</thead>\n	<tbody>\n		<tr>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:2px solid #fcaf17; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:2px solid #fcaf17; height:32px; vertical-align:top; width:150px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:5px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">No</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:2px solid #fcaf17; height:32px; vertical-align:top; width:106px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-left:5px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Yes</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:2px solid #fcaf17; height:32px; vertical-align:top; width:104px\">\n			<div style=\"margin-right:14px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">Date of issue of invoice</span></div>\n			</td>\n			<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #fcaf17; border-left:none; border-right:2px solid #fcaf17; border-top:2px solid #fcaf17; height:32px; vertical-align:top; width:120px\">\n			<div style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:28px\">New rate of tax</span></div>\n			</td>\n		</tr>\n	</tbody>\n</table>','','1','1.10',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-27 17:13:54','2021-05-27 22:43:54'),(615,85,'1.11 Date of receipt of payment in case of change in rate of tax','','single','html','<p style=\"margin-left:8px; margin-right:15px; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Normally the date of receipt of payment is the date of credit in the bank account of the recipient of payment or the date on which the payment is entered into his books of account, whichever is earlier. However, in cases of change in rate of tax, the date of receipt of payment is the date of credit in the bank account if such credit is after four working days from the date of change in rate of tax.</span></p>','','1','1.11',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-25 16:55:45','2021-04-25 16:55:45'),(616,85,'1.1.1 What is time of supply?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">It is the point when the liability to charge GST arises. It indicates the time when the supply (taxable event) is deemed to have been made.</span></p>','','1','1.1.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 15:32:30','2021-04-26 15:32:30'),(617,85,'1.3.1 What is the time of supply with respect to supply of goods?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Vide section 12 of the CGST/SGST Act, time of supply in case of goods, shall be earlier of the following:</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Date of issue of invoices by the supplier or the last date on which he/she is required to issue the invoices under section 31, with respect to the supply; or</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Date on which the supplier receives the payment with respect to the supply.</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Vide Notification No. 66/2017-Central Tax dated 15 November 2017, the government has practically done away with the liability to pay tax at the time of receipt of payment in case of goods.</span></span></p>','','1','1.3.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 15:33:41','2021-04-26 15:33:41'),(618,85,'1.4.1 What is the time of supply with respect to supply of services?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Vide section 13 of the CGST/SGST Act, time of supply in case of services, shall be the earlier of the following:</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Date of issue of invoice by the supplier if the invoice is issued within the period prescribed under section 31(2) or the date of receipt of payment whichever is earlier; or</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Date of provision of service, if the invoice is not issued within the period prescribed under section 31(2) or the date of receipt of payment whichever is earlier; or</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Date on which the recipient shows the receipt of services in his books of accounts, in case where both the above provisions do not apply</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#333333\">Note &ndash; Separate time of supply have been prescribed for supply of vouchers, reverse charge mechanism and addition to value of supply by way of interest, late fee, penalty or delayed payment of consideration.</span></span></p>','','1','1.4.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 15:37:02','2021-04-26 15:37:02'),(619,85,'1.4.2 Where it is not possible to determine the time of supply as above, how will the same be determined?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Basis the residual entry, time of supply shall be</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">if periodical return has been filed, then the due date of filing such periodical return; or</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">date in which CGST/SGST/IGST liability is actually paid, in all other cases.</span></p>','','1','1.4.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 15:38:15','2021-04-26 15:38:15'),(620,85,'<p>2. PLACE OF SUPPLY - GST</p>','','single','html','<div>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In GST, the concept of a place of supply has been made relevant not only for the supply of services but also for the transaction of goods. In this article, we shall be discussing on provisions relating to the place of supply of goods.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Which tax is to be levied (IGST or CGST and SGST/UTGST) will depend on whether a particular transaction is an Inter-state supply or Intra-state supply. Hence, every transaction will have to go through the test of provisions relating to the place of supply in order to determine which tax is to be levied.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The purpose of the place of supply provisions is two-fold:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In case of cross-border transactions, to determine whether tax is to be levied on a particular transaction</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In the case of domestic transactions, to determine whether a particular transaction is an inter-state supply or an intra-state supply.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Before discussing core provisions of the place of supply of goods, we need to first have a look at few terminologies. To start off with let&rsquo;s see what is an inter-state and an intra-state supply.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Section 7 of IGST Act defines what a inter-state supply is. Broadly, inter-state supply is when &ldquo;location of supplier&rdquo; and &ldquo;place of supply&rdquo; are not in the same state or same union territory.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Similarly, Section 8 of IGST Act speaks about Intra-state supply. Broadly, intra-state supply is when &ldquo;location of supplier&rdquo; and &ldquo;place of supply&rdquo; are in the same state or same union territory.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">There are some finer aspects which have been discussed later in the article.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">It is worth noting that &ldquo;location of the recipient of <strong>services</strong>&rdquo; and &ldquo;location of the supplier of <strong>services</strong>&rdquo; have been specifically defined under CGST Act (Section 2(70) and 2(71)). However, &ldquo;location of the recipient of <strong>goods</strong>&rdquo; and &ldquo;location of the supplier of <strong>goods</strong>&rdquo; has not been defined at any place.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The provisions have been broadly divided into two categories- Section 11 - Supplies which are Imports or Exports</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Section 10 - Supplies other than Imports and Exports</span></p>\n</div>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Transactions are further divided into some broad categories which are illustrated as under</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16194320161619432016.png\" style=\"height:309px; width:800px\" /></span></p>','','1','2','PLACE OF SUPPLY - GST','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 15:44:31','2021-11-09 10:38:44'),(621,85,'<p>2.1 POS for Imports and Exports (Section 11)</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Imports -</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The place of supply of goods imported into India shall be the location of the importer.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Exports-</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The place of supply of goods exported from India shall be the location outside India.</span></p>','','1','2.1','POS for Imports and Exports (Section 11)','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 15:45:50','2021-11-09 10:39:34'),(622,85,'<p>2.2 Transactions other than Import or Export (Section 10)</p>','','single','single','','','1','2.2','Transactions other than Import or Export (Section 10)','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 15:47:00','2021-11-09 10:40:05'),(623,85,'2.2.1 Movement of Goods','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Section 10(1)(a) states that &quot;where the supply involves movement of goods, whether by the supplier or the recipient or by any other person, the place of supply of such goods shall be the location of the goods at the time at which the movement of goods terminates for delivery to the recipient&quot;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This implies that place of supplier or receiver is of no consequence to determine the place of supply when it comes to those transactions which involve the movement of goods. The place where delivery terminates i.e. where the ownership is passed on shall be critical to determine the place of supply.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Let us understand this with few examples- </span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><u>Example-</u> Rathi Limited of Rajasthan sells 50 cell phones to Shah Traders in Gujarat. Rathi Limited delivers the product to Shah Retailers in its warehouse in Ahmedabad. Place of supply, in this case, will be Ahmedabad and IGST will be levied as it is an Inter-State transaction.</span></p>','','1','2.2.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 15:49:36','2021-04-26 15:49:36'),(624,85,'2.2.2 Bill To Ship To Transactions','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Section 10(1)(b) states &quot;where the goods are delivered by the supplier to a recipient or any other person on the direction of a third person, whether acting as an agent or otherwise, before or during movement of goods, either by way of transfer of documents of title to the goods or otherwise, it shall be deemed that the said third person has received the goods and the place of supply of such goods shall be the principal place of business of such person&quot;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">When goods are delivered to a party on the direction of a third person the place of supply will be the location of such third person and not where the delivery terminates.</span></p>','','1','2.2.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 15:51:00','2021-04-26 15:51:00'),(625,85,'2.2.3 Example 1','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Hanuman Traders, a dealer in furniture, located in Maharashtra, receives an order from Ram Traders, also located in Maharashtra. The order is for the supply of 50 Tables, with an instruction to ship the Tables to Prime Hardwares, located in Tamil Nadu. Prime Hardwares is a customer of Ram Traders.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">There are two parts to this transaction:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>First part of the transaction &ndash; between Hanuman Traders and Ram Traders</strong>: Hanuman Traders is the supplier of Tables, and Ram Traders is the buyer. Accordingly, Hanuman Traders bills the transaction to Ram Traders, and as per the instruction, ships the goods to Prime Hardwares in Tamil Nadu.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>The<strong> </strong>second</strong><strong> </strong><strong>part</strong><strong> </strong><strong>of</strong><strong> </strong><strong>the transaction &ndash; between Ram Traders and Prime Hardwares: </strong>Ram Traders is the supplier, and Prime Hardwares is the buyer. Ram Traders bills the transaction to Prime Hardwares, and endorses the lorry receipt (goods shipped in a lorry by Hanuman Traders) in favour of Prime Hardwares. This lorry receipt (LR) will enable Prime Hardwares to take the delivery of the goods.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Over here, <span style=\"color:#282424\">on the instruction from Ram Traders, Hanuman Traders ships the aluminum ladders to Prime Hardwares located in Tamil Nadu.</span></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#282424\">Here, Ram Traders is deemed as the third person. Therefore, the <strong>place of supply </strong>will be the principal place of business of the third person, i.e., Maharashtra. Accordingly, Hanuman Traders charges CGST and SGST on billing to Ram Traders. The second part of the transaction between Ram Traders and Prime Hardwares will also be interstate, and IGST will be charged.</span></span></p>','','1','2.2.3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 15:52:45','2021-04-26 15:52:45'),(626,85,'2.2.4 Example 2','','single','html','<div>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Chamunda Traders in Maharashtra receives an order from Queens Associates in London to deliver 100 cell phones at Maheshwari Dealers in Maharashtra. On application of section 10(1)(b) place of supply will be London. The question arises will this transaction be taxed even if the place of supply is London?</span></p>\n</div>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">There will be two parts to this transaction as well-</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Between Chamunda Traders and Queens Associates:</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">First, we need to understand whether the transaction between Chamunda Traders and Queens Associates will be considered as Export? As per section 16, export of goods is a &ldquo;Zero Rated Supply&rdquo; and tax need not be levied on the same.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">As per section 2(5), &ldquo;export of goods&rdquo; means taking goods out of India to a place outside India. In our case, as goods are not moving out of India hence it cannot be termed as exports.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Section 7(5)(a) states that supply of goods or services or both when the <strong>supplier is located in India </strong>and the <strong>place of supply is outside India </strong>shall be treated to be a supply of goods or services or both in the course of <strong>inter-state trade </strong>or commerce.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Above section applies to the present case, supplier (Chamunda Traders) is located in India and place of supply (London) is outside India. Hence, the transaction between Chamunda Traders and Queens Associates will be considered as an inter-state supply, and IGST shall be levied on it.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Between Queens Associates and Maheshwari Dealers:&rsquo;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The transaction between Queens Associates and Maheshwari Dealers cannot be considered as the import of goods as according to Section 2(11) &ldquo;import of goods&rdquo; means bringing goods into India from a place outside India.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This transaction will be covered under section 7(5)(c) which states that <strong>supply of goods </strong>or services or both in the <strong>taxable territory</strong>, not being an <strong>intra-state supply </strong>and not covered elsewhere in section 7 shall be treated to be a supply of goods or services or both in the course of <strong>inter-state trade </strong>or commerce.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In the present case, the supply of goods is in the taxable territory (Maharashtra), it is not an intra-state supply as a supplier (Queens Associate) is located outside the taxable territory and such a situation is not covered elsewhere in section 7. Hence, transaction between Queens Associates and Maheshwari Dealers is also an Inter-state transaction and IGST will have to be paid by Maheshwari Dealers under reverse charge mechanism (Section 5(4))</span></p>','','1','2.2.4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 10:26:41','2021-04-26 15:56:41'),(627,85,'2.2.5 No Movement of Goods','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Section 10(1)(c) states that where the supply does not involve movement of goods, whether, by the supplier or the recipient, the place of supply shall be the location of such goods at the time of the delivery to the recipient;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">When goods are of such nature which does not require any movement, place of supply shall be the location of such goods.</span></p>','','1','2.2.5',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 15:58:27','2021-04-26 15:58:27'),(628,85,'2.2.6 Example 1','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Bharat Limited registered in Maharashtra sold its pre-installed transmission tower(electric tower) located at Madhya Pradesh to Hindustan Limited registered in Delhi.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In this case, the location of the supplier is Maharashtra, but a place of supply will be Madhya Pradesh. Hence, IGST will be levied.</span></p>','','1','2.2.6',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 15:59:18','2021-04-26 15:59:18'),(629,85,'2.2.7 Example 2','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Rathi Limited of Rajasthan gets an order of 100 cell phones from Patil Electronics in Maharashtra. Patil Electronics informs Rathi Limited that they will take the delivery of the cell phones from the factory of Rathi Limited at Jaipur.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Over here the location of the supplier is Rajasthan and location of the receiver are Maharashtra. However, Patil Electronics has agreed to take the delivery from Rathi Limited&#39;s Jaipur factory. This implies that the termination of the movement of the cell phones to Patil Electronics takes place at the factory of Rathi Limited, i.e., in Jaipur. Hence, the place of supply is Jaipur in Rajasthan.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This is an intra-state transaction and CGST, and SGST will be levied by Rathi Limited. It should be noted that Rathi Limited will be charging SGST and CGST in Rajasthan, the credit of which will not be available to Patil Electronics in Maharashtra. Hence, there will be a loss of credit.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Alternatively, if Patil Electronics would have asked Rathi Limited to deliver goods at its factory in Maharashtra it would have become an inter-state transaction and IGST would have been levied. The credit of IGST would have been available to Patil Electronics.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Many experts have an alternate view on this topic it says as the transaction involves the movement of goods by the buyer it should be covered under Section 10(1)(a) and not 10(1)(c). Which implies that place of supply should be Maharashtra and IGST shall be levied on the transaction.</span></p>','','1','2.2.7',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 16:00:21','2021-04-26 16:00:21'),(630,85,'2.2.9 When Goods are Installed','','single','html','<div>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Section 10(1)(d) states where the goods are assembled or installed at site, the place of supply shall be the place of such installation or assembly;</span></p>\n</div>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><u>Example-</u></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Bharat Limited registered in Maharashtra opens a new office in Delhi. It purchases 10 ACs to be installed at its Delhi office from Patil electronics in Maharashtra.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In this case, the location of the supplier is Maharashtra, but a place of supply will be Delhi. Hence, IGST will be levied.</span></p>','','1','2.2.9',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 16:02:54','2021-04-26 16:02:54'),(631,85,'2.2.10 Goods on Board a conveyance','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Section 10(1)(e) states &quot;where the goods are supplied on board a conveyance, including a vessel, an aircraft, a train or a motor vehicle, the place of supply shall be the location at which such goods are taken on board.&quot;</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">This provision includes those purchases which are done while traveling on a conveyanc<u>e.</u></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><u>Example-</u></span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Mr. Mehta is traveling on a cruise liner from Mumbai to Goa. He purchases a book from the in-house store in the cruise liner. These books were on-boarded from Mumbai. Registered place of business of the book shop is in Mumbai. Place of supply, in this case, will be Mumbai. This is an intrastate supply, and CGST and SGST will be charged.</span></p>','','1','2.2.10',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 16:03:58','2021-04-26 16:03:58'),(632,85,'2.2.11 Summary','','single','html','<p><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Above provisions have been summarized in a diagram below for a quick glance.</span></p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://edupmquestionhelp.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/hint/uploads/images/16194334761619433476.png\" style=\"height:364px; width:800px\" /></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>','','1','2.2.11',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-27 17:26:02','2021-05-27 22:56:02'),(633,85,'<p>2.3 Need for determining the place of supply under the GST law?</p>','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">GST is a consumption-based tax, it would effectively tax the consumption of such supplies at the destination thereof or as the case may be at the point of consumption. Place of supply provision determines the place i.e. taxable jurisdiction to which the tax should be allocated.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The place of supply determines whether a transaction is intra-state or interstate. In other words, the place of supply of goods or services, is required to determine whether it is an intra-state supply, subject to CGST plus SGST or would it be an interstate supply attracting IGST.</span></p>','','1','2.3','Need for determining the place of supply under the GST law?','1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 16:09:52','2021-11-09 10:40:45'),(634,85,'2.2.12 What would constitute as place of supply where goods are removed?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Place of supply of goods shall be the location of the goods at the time at which the movement of goods terminates for delivery to the recipient.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">In case goods are supplied on board a conveyance viz. vessel, aircraft, train or motor vehicle, place of supply shall be the location at which goods are taken on board a conveyance.</span></p>','','1','2.2.12',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 16:11:09','2021-04-26 16:11:09'),(635,85,'2.2.13 What would constitute as place of supply if the goods are delivered by the supplier to a person on the directive of a third person?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">The goods shall be deemed to have been delivered to such third person, accordingly the place of supply shall be the principal place of business of such third person.</span></p>','','1','2.2.13',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 16:12:10','2021-04-26 16:12:10'),(636,85,'2.2.14 What is the place of supply in respect to B2B supply of services?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Place of supply of services is determined on the basis presumption prescribed under the IGST law. The presumption in case of supplies to registered person is the location of such person. Since the recipient is registered, address of recipient is always there and the same can be taken as place of supply.</span></p>','','1','2.2.14',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 16:13:14','2021-04-26 16:13:14'),(637,85,'2.2.15 What constitutes as the place of supply in respect to B2C supply of services?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">With respect to an unregistered recipient, the usual place of supply is the location of the recipient. However, in many cases, address of the recipient is not available, in such cases, location of the supplier of services is taken as a proxy for place of supply.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Note &ndash; </strong>Separate place of supply rules have been prescribed for services provided in relation to immovable property, services by way of organising an event held in multiple states, services supplies on board a conveyance, services by way of transportation of goods and passenger transportation services.</span></p>','','1','2.2.15',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-26 16:14:39','2021-04-26 16:14:39'),(638,86,'1 Registration','','single','single','','','1','1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-04-27 10:05:02','2021-04-27 15:35:02'),(639,86,'1.1 	Does aggregate turnover include value of inward supplies received on which RCM is payable?	Refer Section 2(6) of CGST Act. Aggregate turnover does not include value  of inward supplies on which tax is payable on reverse charge basis.','','single','html','<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Refer Section2(6) of CGST Act. Aggregate turnover does not include value&nbsp;<span style=\"color:#474747\">of inward supplies on which tax is payable on reverse charge basis.</span></span></p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;</p>','','1','1.1',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 05:57:27','2021-05-06 11:27:27'),(640,86,'1.2 What if the dealer migrated with wrong PAN as the status of firm was changed from proprietorship to partnership?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">New registration would be required as partnership firm would have new PAN.</span></span></p>','','1','1.2',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 05:58:06','2021-05-06 11:28:06'),(641,86,'1.3  A taxable person’s business is in many states. All supplies are below 10 Lakhs. He makes an Inter State supply from one state. Is he liable for registration?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">He is liable to register if the aggregate turnover (all India) is more than 20 lacs (Rs. 10 lacs in Special Category States) or if he is engaged in inter-State supplies.</span></span></p>','','1','1.3',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 05:58:46','2021-05-06 11:28:46'),(642,86,'1.4 Can we use provisional GSTIN or do we get new GSTIN? Can we start using provisional GSTIN till new one is issued?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">Provisional GSTIN (PID) should be converted into final GSTIN within 90 days. Yes, provisional GSTIN can be used till final GSTIN is issued. PID &amp; final GSTIN would be same.</span></span></p>','','1','1.4',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 05:59:53','2021-05-06 11:29:53'),(643,86,'1.5 Whether trader of country liquor is required to migrate to GST from VAT as liquor is out of GST law?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">If the person is involved in 100% supply of goods which are not liable for GST, then no registration is required.</span></span></p>','','1','1.5',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:00:46','2021-05-06 11:30:46'),(644,86,'1.6 Not liable to tax as mentioned u/s 23 of CGST means nil rated supply or abated value of supply?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">Not liable to tax means supplies which is not leviable to tax under the CGST/SGST/IGST Act. Please refer to definition under Section 2(78) of the CGST Act.</span></span></p>','','1','1.6',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:01:35','2021-05-06 11:31:35'),(645,86,'1.7 Whether civil contractor doing projects in various states requires separate registration for all states or a single registration at state of head office will suffice?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">A supplier of service will have to register at the location from where he is supplying services.</span></span></p>','','1','1.7',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:01:58','2021-05-06 11:31:58'),(646,86,'1.8 Whether aggregate turnover includes turnover of supplies on which tax is payable by the recipient under reverse charge?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">Outward supplies on which tax is paid on reverse charge basis by the recipient will be included in the aggregate turnover of the supplier.</span></span></p>','','1','1.8',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:02:21','2021-05-06 11:32:21'),(647,86,'1.9 If there are two SEZ units within same state, whether two registrations are required to be obtained?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">SEZs under same PAN in a state require one registration. Please see proviso to rule 8(1) of CGST Rules.</span></span></p>','','1','1.9',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:02:47','2021-05-06 11:32:47'),(648,86,'1.10 Is an advocate providing interstate supply chargeable under Reverse Charge liable for registration?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">Exemption from registration has been provided to such suppliers who are making only those supplies on which recipient is liable to discharge GST under RCM.</span></span></p>','','1','1.10',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:03:14','2021-05-06 11:33:14'),(649,86,'1.11 When is registration in other state required? Will giving service from Nasik to other state require registration in other state?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">If services are being provided from Nasik then registration is required to be taken only in Maharashtra and IGST to be paid on inter-state supplies.</span></span></p>','','1','1.11',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:03:38','2021-05-06 11:33:38'),(650,86,'1.12 I have migrated under GST but want to register as ISD. Whether I can apply now & what is the procedure?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">A separate &amp; new registration is required for ISD.</span></span></p>','','1','1.12',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:04:00','2021-05-06 11:34:00'),(651,86,'1.13 I have enrolled in GST but I forgot to enter SAC codes. What should I do? The status is migrated.','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">The same can be filled while filing FORM REG-26 for converting provisional ID to final registration.</span></span></p>','','1','1.13',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:04:24','2021-05-06 11:34:24'),(652,86,'1.14 I have ST number on individual name and have migrated to GST.I wish to transfer this on my proprietorship firm.','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">This conversion may be done while filling FORM REG-26 for converting provisional ID to final registration.</span></span></p>','','1','1.14',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:04:42','2021-05-06 11:34:42'),(653,86,'1.15 Please tell if rental income up to 20 lacs attracts GST or attracts any other charge?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">GST is leviable only if aggregate turnover is more than 20 lacs. (Rs. 10 lacs in 11 special category States). For computing aggregate supplies turnover of all supplies made by you would be added.</span></span></p>','','1','1.15',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:05:18','2021-05-06 11:35:18'),(654,86,'1.16 If someone trades only 0% GST items (grains, pulses) then is it necessary to register for GST, if the turnover exceeds ?20 lacs?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">A person dealing with 100% exempted supply is not liable to register irrespective of turnover.</span></span></p>','','1','1.16',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:05:38','2021-05-06 11:35:38'),(655,86,'1.17 Is it correct that person dealing exclusively in NIL rated or exempt goods/ services liable to register if turnover > 20/10 Lakh?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">There is no liability of registration if the person is dealing with 100% exempt supplies.</span></span></p>','','1','1.17',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:06:00','2021-05-06 11:36:00'),(656,86,'1.18 If I register voluntarily though turnover is less than 20 Lakhs, am I required to pay tax from 1st supply I make post registration?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">Yes, you would be treated as a normal taxable person.</span></span></p>','','1','1.18',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:06:20','2021-05-06 11:36:20'),(657,86,'1.19 Whether a separate GSTIN would be allotted to a registered person for deducting TDS (he has PAN and TAN as well)?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">Separate registration as tax deductor is required.</span></span></p>','','1','1.19',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:06:44','2021-05-06 11:36:44'),(658,86,'1.20 Is separate registration required for trading and manufacturing by same entity in one state?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">There will be only one registration per State for all activities. But, you have the option to be registered as a separate business vertical.</span></span></p>','','1','1.20',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:07:10','2021-05-06 11:37:10'),(659,86,'1.21 I am registered in TN and getting the service from unregistered dealer of AP, should I take registration in AP to discharge GST under RCM?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">Any person who makes make inter-state taxable supply is required to take registration. Therefore in this case AP dealer shall take registration and pay tax.</span></span></p>','','1','1.21',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:07:31','2021-05-06 11:37:31'),(660,86,'1.22 Is there any concept of area based exemption under GST?','','single','html','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span style=\"color:#34495e\">There will be no area based exemptions in GST.</span></span></p>','','1','1.22',NULL,'1','2','1','0','1','2021-05-06 06:07:53','2021-05-06 11:37:53'),